y 


ANCIENT  HISTORY, 


OR 


WITH    A    SURVEY    OF    THE    ANCIENT    MONUMENT'S 
OF  NORTH  AMERICA, 


ind  a  Tabular   View  of  the  Principal  Languages  and  Primi 
tive  Nations  of  the  whole  Earth. 


By  C.  S.  RAFIJVES'QUE,  A  M,  Ph.  D, 

Prof,  in  Trans.  Univ.— Sup't-  of  the  Tians.    Bot    Garden— Sec'y  of  the 

Kent.  Institute,  and  member  of  t;,e  following  Societies  : 
Imp.  Nat.  Cur.  of  Bonn  Lit.  &  Phil    Soc.  of  New  York, 

Imp.  Econ.  Soc.  of  Vienna,  Lye.  of  Nat.  Hist,  of  New  York, 

K.  Inst.  of  Sciences  of  Naples,  Ac,  of  Nat.  Re,  ot  Philadelphia, 

It.  Ac,  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Antiq.  Soc.  of  Tennessee, 

Lin.  Soc.  of  Paris,  Med.  Soc.  of  Cincinnati, 

Amer.  Antiq.  Soc.  Med.  Soc.  of  Lexington, 

Histor.  Soc.  ofNewYor,k,  &c.    &c»    &c- 

(Numquam  otiosus.J 


FRANKFORT,  IN  KENTUCKY. 


PRINTED   FOR    THE   AUTHOR, 


1824. 


THESE   PAGES 

ARE    DEDICATED  TO 

ALEXANDER  DE  HUMBOLDT, 

IN    TOKEN    OF     THE    HIGH    VALUE    SET    UPON 

HIS  RESEARCHES  ON  AMERICA. 


The  following  pages  have  appeared  as  an  introduction  to 
the  second  edition  of  the  History  of  Kentucky  by  Hum 
phrey  Marshall  Esq. — Some  copies  have  been  printed  in  a 
pamphlet  form,  to  which  the  author  now  prefixes  a  Philolo- 
logical  and  Ethnological  Table,  abridged  from  an  elaborate 
survey  of  about  500  languages  and  dialects  of  both  Conti 
nents;  reduced  to  50  mother  languages,  (besides  25  exam 
ples  of  Dialects)  with  their  principal  roots  for  four  impor 
tant  words.  '  This  will  demonstrate  those  leading  facts  of 
his  history  relating  to  the  derivation  of  American  nations 
and  languages.  As  a  first  and  arduous  attempt,  it  ought  to 
claim  the  indulgence  of  the  philologists,  if  any  inevitable 
omissions  or  inaccuracies  should  be  detected;  but  none  will 
be  found  of  a  nature  to  invalidate  the  general  results.  At  3. 
future  time  the  subject  may  be  renewed,  enlarged  and  ren 
dered  still  more  evident,  in  connection  with  a  general  histo 
ry  of  the  nations  and  monuments  of  America. 

The  individuals  to  whom  this  essay  will  be  sent,  will  con 
fer  a  favor  on  the  author,  if  they  are  able  to  communicate  to 
him,  some  additional  vocabularies  of  any  language  or  dia 
lect  of  North  or  South  America;  essential  words  and  cardi 
nal  numbers  are  particularly  wanted. 


ERRATA. 

Page  6,  line  22,  for  Amygdalvid    read    Amygdaloid, 

p  12,  1        24,  Termurians  F^rmurians. 

13,  23,  Orenoe  Orenoc. 

17,  27,  Gadesieras  Gadesians. 

20,  21,  Copatta  Copatla. 

23,  15,  Karitist  Caralit. 

27,  29,  Curas  Cuzas. 

34,  22,  7500  4500 

36,  31,  county  country. 

38,  15,  Has  Star. 

20,  Harmar  Harmon. 

39t  17,  Vaelt  Vater. 


ETHNOLOGICAL  AND  PHILOLOGICAL  TABLE 

OF    THE 


Xatiims  and  Languages. 


The  words  Heaven,  Land,  Water  and  Man  have  been  selected  to  form 
this  table;  which  is  the  first  attempt  «•  vermade  to  ascertain  and  comp  «re 
the  roots  of  all  languages.  This  has  been  done  by  reducing  those 
words  from  dialects  and  analogous  languages  into  their  primitive,  essen 
tial  and  radical  sounds.  The  sounds  »f  universal  speech  are  64,  or  12 
vowels,  12  nasals,  15  Consonant*,  15  Sibilants  and  10  Aspirations;  the 
orthography  adapted  to  express  them  is  phonological  and  invaria 
ble  The  relative  connection  and  affinities  of  the  American  nations  and 
languages  with  those  of  the  eastern  continent,  will  be  perceived  at  a 
glance  by  comparing  these  mots.  The  number  following  each  Radical 
Language  indicates  from  how  many  dialects  the  root*  ha\e  been  evolved; 
but  few  radical  Languages  are  omited,  while  the  words  of  some  impor 
tant  Dialects  are  added  as  examples.  This  singu !  marks  the  roots  iden 
tical  with  the  American  roots. 


PRIM.  NAT.  &  LAN.     ROOTS  ROOTS 

OP  OF  OF 

AMERICA.      HEAVEN  LAND, 


ROOTS          ROOTS 

OF  OF 

WATER,    MAN, 


GOD,    SKY,        EARTH, WORLD,  SEA,    R1VEH,       MALE,  8TA- 

I.  EASTERN  BRANCH.   PARADISE,      q  ROUND,  SOIL.  LAKE,  RAIN.  TION.PEOPIS 


1  Atalan  or  Cutan 

Poconchian     -     - 
Cherokih     •     - 

5El,ca.  ta, 
.     Taxat 

•    Calangata 

Co.  cal. 

Jlcal 
Catun 

Ha.  ya. 
Ha. 

Ahiia  ,  amah 

Cu.  uil.  sea. 
Cut  I. 
Scayuh. 

2  Aruac  or  Antilan 

7  YH.  em. 

Ay.  ca. 

A.  na. 

Co.  gua? 

3  Crf'-ibian  6 

Ca.  pu.  ta. 

En.  an.  no. 

Tu.co.no.  lo 

.  Li.    uc.  ir. 

Tamanac     •    ~ 

-   Capu 

Noni 

Tuno 

Oli?  ukitt 

4  Guarani  4 

Pu.  ta. 

Ib. 

luh.  ucl.  ma.  Ap. 

JB.raziltan     -     • 

•  Tup  ana 

Ibi.  ibuy. 

Ig    uh. 

Aba.  tapoy. 

5  Muiscas  1 

ZHC? 

At. 

Ca. 

6  Araucanian  2 

Huen. 

Tu.  map. 

Co.ro.le.  ma 

.En. 

7  Peruvian  2 

Ca. 

An.  ac. 

Ma.  uj  .  lo. 

Ra.  na.  co. 

II. 

AsiATfC     OR 

WESTERN 

BRANCH. 

8  Mexican  3 

Lu.  il.  eo. 

La.  an. 

Al.  at.  ul. 

E7. 

9  Misurian  orOman  9  Pa.  no. 

Mah.  ca. 

Nih.  mi. 

Nu.  hua.  ma. 

Minitarih     -     - 

1  1\   fi«_:j  1  o 

JLpah-hi. 

/">  _       *_  - 

Amah 

Minih 

Mat,  zha. 

10  Floridan  12 

Chactah     •     -        Itolo? 

11  PanisorApachian5  Sea.  tu. 


Co.  hua.  to.    Ca.  na.  Cu.!iur,.lu.goNo.'  cay.  is. 

J\  ani  yacana  Qcuh  Ocah.  JVok'nih. 
Ar.  ta.  oc.       Pa.  ec.  lsh.*u>.gap 


32  Lenapiar  35  Scu.  mua.  Ac.  in.  ze       Ih.  tu.  ni.  si.   In  li.  di. 

Shaivanih  -     -  Spimikih  Jlkih  J^ippih  Linnih. 

13  Menguy  20  To.  ho.  Go.  hun.  chi.  (E  >.  nic.         En.  on.  ni. 
Tuscorora     -     -  Toendioh  Hxniyen  Ohuen  Entec.  nihah. 

14  Caralit  5  Ac.  na.  Na.  can.  Im.  tal.         En.  in.  ga. 

EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES  AND  NATIONS. 

15  Pelasgjan  10  Eo  1  as.  se.  ur.    Ar  !  ay  !  en  !  ta  !  Hu  !  ru  !  al  !     An.  Cu/ 
Cantabnan  Ssent  Lurre.Eri          Uva  Nar  . 

16  Celtic  54  E!!  ne!  eo!     Ar!  la!  so.  tal.   Um.on  aclri.  Mo  ir!  ni: 
Irish     ,     -     -  Neam  Talu  Easc-loc. 
Provential     -       Sid                 Ter<e.   Sou,          JHgce.  mar      Ome. 

17  Gochic  or  Scythian  30  E!!eo.ca.  Ard.  Ian.  od.    Atlthi   lo!     Ma  !  an. 
Teutonic     •     •     Himel  Jlrd.  land  Vat,  atta.      Man. 

18  Sarmntian  22  Bes  ni.  Sem.  or.  li.          Ua!  od. 


Russian     • 
19  Chudish  12 


JVebesi  Seiftli  Voda 

Ta!  cl!  me!  Ma!  20,  do.  Ua!  miu 


Oc.  mo. 

Moco. 
En!  is! 


(    it.    ) 


ASIATIC  PRIMITIVE  NATIONS   AND  LANGUAGES, 

I.  IRANIC  OR  WESTERN. 

20  Ararnic  18       Ei!  em!lao!  se,   Ar!d:',  ma!     Hu!  mu,  ya,  Ish!ic, 

21  Z  r.il  8  As!  she-Ar!  en,ac!za,ma,  Au,  ep,  ri,      Er,  aic,  ur, 
Persian     -     -         Asmon  Zemin  Ara  JVer 

22  Caspian  6  Cha  ir,  Er,  ac!  Su,  mu,  mi!    Ar;  ma! 
Armenian     •     -      Giikin             Gercru             Mna?  Arm, 

23  *b.-.-Mau  8  Z>>,  il!  Tuilec,  lat!A<!ra,  hu!      En! 
Cushasib     ••     -       Zila?  '  Tula  Jltu    Ocui,      Lena? 

24  Ca  .c*sian  8  Zv-,  chasten,  Ac*  ma!   za,  Uti!  su,  Is:  en, 

25  Paisvchun  4          Zu,  pa!  Ac    la!  ra,    Um,  hi!  I;>,rnu,  mi, 
Jlt>itay     •    -                                  Leipauc          Ishin                J\di; 

pa    cu  U         Ish!  ca!  ur' 
Muca?  gur>  \ 


Zingani     -    •       Amengi,ihuro.  Su.  Puba,     Pani 

li.  TATARIAN  OR  NORTHERN. 

27  Ogurian  4  Cu.mai'jul.as  Ua!  er,  Ua!  su, 

28  Mogulian  6  Ten,  gri,        Ar!  da,  za,     Su,  uh! 

29  Tocguzian  4         Ca!  ne,  ul,       Na!  en!  ar!     Mu,  cu,  in, 

30  Ostiac  12  No,  ga,  ol,      La!  to,ac!  ul.  Hi!  pi,  ri, 
Coriac          -   Kh*  Igan,  chervol,  Nutolat  Pihi 

31  :\iruh  6  Ni,  can!  cu,    Oc!  tan,  to,    Pi!  hua! 
Curilian         •  Cando  Ciidari  Peh,  Peth. 

32  TSipan  or  Japan  3  Tin,  el!  ca!     Si,  wo,  to,      Mi!  hu!  ne 


Ap? 
Er.  Ca! 
On!  ni-  in! 
Ca!  ga! 
Gasi. 
Nu!  ^i 
Aintth 
To. 


in! 


Samojsd  20"  Nu.  in,  ja,       Ja,  ma!  ta,      1!  bi,  sa.'tuy,  Ne!  si. 

III.  CHINESE  OR    EASTERN. 

34  Thibetan  2  Na!  ke,  hen,  Sa,  di,  en!      Ip!  In! 

35  Chinese  6  Tien,  Io!         Ti,  di,  chi!     M'.!  hau!  na!  Nan,  In!  ya, 

36  Birman  14  Sa,  an,  Ca!  gay,          Yoe,  ri,  ti,       Vo.  lu,  pa, 

37  Avanese  orMon  8  Can!mo.,-Op,  la!  en!  to.ma!  Na!  pa!  co.     Na!  chay.onl 

POLYNESIAN  NATIONS  AND  RADICAL    LANGUAGES. 

38  *)goloteh  or  Papuan  7  Ker,  da,    Ar!  ta!  p.,,  io,    Yo,  si!  na!    Am, 

39  Malay  22  Ra,  ta!  ni,         1  a!n«!bu,en.  Ay,  hna!         En/  an.  UP. 
J\ucahian  Hani.,  tahua,    ftennua  Ehuay,  tay.     Enata 

40  Tsgalan  12  La,  il5ur»,jo,  N'..!  op,  guy,  '  !  !  v...  vr-/     l'\ga/ 
Liuchiu  Mijoh?  Sinna  Ushi.  midzi.  Ikigah, 
AFRICAN  PRIMITIVE  NATIONS   &  RADICAL  LANGUAGES. 

I.  BROWN  NATIONS. 

41  Egyptian  3  Fo.  lao/  ta/  i;sy/  Ui.r.,on,  Mu,  hu/  tar,  1m,  an, 
Coptic                       Fa,  '       Cahi  lar  mohu.iom        Jm> 


42  Atlantic  orBerber  7  Ti.  ta/  gi,  Ay/  un, 
Guanchian  Tigi 

43  Abyssinian  8          Ze,  ja,  ur 

44  Danakil  3 

45  C after  6 


46  Hottentot  6 

47  Nubian  4 

48  Sudan  10 

49  Galla  10 

50  Cor  go  12  D 

Malemba 


An,  na/ 

Oya  Aenum 

Za,er,  to,mid  Mi/  n,  hu/ 
Se,  am.  ur,    Ar/  Eh,  li,  da, 

La.  um,  Ma/  hut, 

Ca/  gu,  hu,    Cu/  mu, 


Am,  si, 
Ga,  horn, 


II.  BLACK  OR  NEGRO  NATIONS. 


Ze,  ul, 

As,  ra,  al, 
Ac,  gua, 
Lu/  zi, 

Izulu, 


Ur,   ca,  Ei\  ro/ 

Ar/  di,bo,su  Io,   li, 


U*l>/  Co/ 
Guan,  cor  an  j 
iS'a/  hu«/ 
Ca/  -na/  ut, 
Ca/  huan/ 
An;  cua/ 

Oc.  ha, 

An,  ya, 


Un/1?/  ga,di,  Be,  mi/  su,    Ma/m/oc,ua, 
J.a/po,tosz-r/  Ma/  bu,  cu/   U-...  ca/ 
,  n'faio,   Maza,  m'bu>    Munto, 


This  is  the  primitive  Black  or  Negro  Nation  of  Asi»,  fragments  of  which? 
are  found  on  that  continent,  and  throughout  Polynesia, 


0¥ 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  HISTORY  AND  ANTIQUITIES  OF  THK 
STATE  OF  KENTUCKY. 


BY  C.  S.  RAFINESQUE,  A.  M.~  PH.  D. 


PROFESSOR  IN   TRANSYLVANIA   UNIVERSITT,    MEMBER   OP   THE 

INSTITUTE,   AND    15   OTHER   SCIENTIFIC   OR   LITERARfc  SOCIEtlES 
1^   THE   UNITED    STATES   AND   IN  EUROPE. 


MY  enquiries  during  several  years,  concerning  the  antiquk 
ties  of  the  western  states,  have  led  me  to  extend  my  researche 
over  the  whole  circle  of  North  American  antiquities,  and  com 
pelled  me  to  enter  the  dedalus  of  ancient  history. 

The  result  of  my  researches  may  be  given  in  a  more  ample 
form  at  some  future  period,  when  rendered  adequate  to  illus 
trate  the  interesting  primitive  periods  of  human  existence  in 
both  hemispheres.  I  shall  merely  attempt  at  present  to  deli 
neate  the  first  rudiments  of  the  ancient  history,  involving  the 
revolutions  of  nature  'and  nations,  in  that  central  part  of  Noith 
America,  now  known  under  the  name  of  Kentucky,  and  sur 
rounded  by  Virginia,  Tennessee,  the  rivers  Ohio  and  Missis* 
sippi,  extending  upwards  of  400  miles  from  east  to  west,  and 
from  latitude  36  1-2  to  39  degrees  north, 

In  order  to  ascertain  the  filiation,  migrations  and  annals  of 
the  American  nations,  all  the  sources  have  been  consulted  from 
which  plausible  or  certain  information  mjght  be  derived.  The 
evidences  which  they  afford,  stand  in  the  following  order: — 
1,  Features,  and  complexions  of  nations;  2,  their  languages; 
3,  their  monuments ;  4,  their  religions ;  5,  their  manners ;  6, 
their  histories ;  and  7,  their  traditions,, 

1.  The  white,  tawny,  coppery,  brown  and  black;  varieties  of 
mankind  are  connected  by  numerous  links,  and  claim  a  com 
mon  origin;  they  have  been  early  divided,  variously  separated, 
and  occasionally  blended  again,  yet  preserving  a  sufficient  dis 
tinction  to  guide  us  in  tracing  their  successive  settlements. 

The  white  men  became  tawny  by  constant  exposure,  brown 
in  warm  climates,  coppery  in  cold  regions,  and  black  in  the 
sands  of  India  and  Africa.  The  Mongol  features  had  origin 
in  the  deserts  of  Northern  Asia,  and  the  negro  features  in  those 
of  Southern  Asia  and  central  AJfriQa.  There  are  Mongols  with 


4  EXORDIUM. 

different  complexions,  white,  pale,, tawny,  yellow,  olive,  cop 
pery,  &c. ;  and  there  are  white,  yellow,  brown  and  black  ne 
groes.  Real  negroes  have  been  found  in  all  the  parts  of  the 
world,  except  Europe  and  North  America,  while  in  Africa 
they  are  confined  to  the  central  and  western  parts  of  that 
continent. 

2.  The  primitive  language  of*  mankind  was  gradually  modi 
fied  and  divided  into  dialects,  which  became  languages  after 
producing  other  dialects:  their  mixture  has  produced  all  those 
which  have  existed  or  still  exist.     The  analogies  of  those  dia 
lects,  in  their  roots  and  most  important  words,  afford  the  best 
mean  to  trace  the  relative  parentage  of  nations. 

3.  4.  5.    Monuments  of  arts,  traces  of  various  religions  and 
similarity  of  manners,  compared  and  elucidated  by  each  other, 
are  of  high  importance  in  historical  investigation. 

6.  7.  There  is  such  a  diversity  in  the  ancient  history,  chro 
nology  and  traditions  of  the  several  nations,  that  it  is  very  diffi 
cult  to  fix  precisely  the  dates  of  many  events ;  but  we  may  trace, 
ivith  a  bold  hand  a  general  view  of  their  migrations  and  set 
tlements:  although  th.e  revolutions  of  tl)e  earliest  empires  are 
involved  in  fables,  we  can  draw  even  from  those  fables,  some 
correct  inferences  and  true  events. 

It  is  almost  impossible  to  make  a  plausible  choice  among  the 
various  chronological  tables,  even  of  the  many  texts  of  the 
Sepher  or  Hebrew  Bible,  and  not  easy  to  make  them  harmo 
nize  with  the  contradictory  accounts  of  Berosus,  Plato,  Herodo 
tus,  Sanchoniato,. Mane tho,  the  Hindoux,  Chinese,  &c.  I  shall 
not  attempt  it  at  present,  as  this  would  require  too  many  dis 
cussions,  and  I  shall  substitute  thereto  mere  periods  of  time,  or 
epocjhs,  which  may  be  composed  of  indeterminate  ages. 


Part  I Pro  C\\o, 


Oft,  GEOLOGICAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  REVOLUTIONS  OP  NATURE  IN 
KENTUCKY. 


1.  EVERY  complete  history  of  a  country  ought  to  include  an 
account  of  the  physical  changes  and  revolutions,  which  it  may 
have  undergone. 

2.  The  documents  for  such  a  geological  survey,  are  to  be 
found  every  wherc-tft-th'e  bowels  of  the  earth,  its  rocks  and 
strata,  with  the  remains  of  organized  bodies  imbedded  therein, 
which  are  now  considered  as  the  medals  of  nature. 

3.  The  soil  of  Kentucky  shows,  like  many  other  countries, 
that  it  has  once  been  the  bed  of  the  sea.    In  James's  Map,  the 
primitive  ocean  is  supposed  to  have  covered  North  America, 
by  having  a  former  level  of  6000  feet  above  the  actual  level. 
Since  the  highest  lands  in  Kentucky  do  not  exceed  1800  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  actual  ocean,  they  were  once  covered 
with  at  least  4200  feet  of  water* 

4.  The  study  of  the  soil  of  Kentucky,  proves  evidently  tlie- 
successive  and  gradual  retreat  of  the  salt  waters,  without  evin 
cing  any  proofs   of  any  very  violent  or  sudden  disruptions  or 
emersions  of  land,  nor  erujptions  of  the   ocean,  except  some 
casual  accidents,  easily  ascribed  to  earthquakes,  salses  and 
submarine  volcanoes. 

5.  There  are  no  remains  of  land  or  burning  volcanoes  hi 
Kentucky,  nor  of  any  considerable  fresh  water  lake.     All  the 
strata  are  nearly  horizontal,  with  valleys  excavated  by  the 
tides  and  streams  during  the  soft  state  of  the  strata. 

6.  After  these  preliminary  observations,  I  shall  detail  the 
successive  evolution  of  this  soil  and  its  productions,  under  six 
distinct  periods  of  time,  which  may  be  compared  to  the  six 
epochs  or  days  of  creation,  and  supposed  to  have  lasted  aa 
indefinite  nunibei;  of  ages*. 


1st  Period.- — General  Inundation. 

"In  the  beginning,  GOD  created  the  heavens  and  the  earth,*'- 
"And  the  spirit  of  GOD  was  moving  over  the  waters." 

The  briny  ocean  covers  the  whole  land  of  Kentucky,  and  the 
United  States,  rising  above  4000  feet  over  the  Cumberland  or 
Wasioto  mountains,  and  5000  feet  over  the  limestone  region 
near  Lexington.  The  Oregon  and  Mexican  mountains  alone 
rise  above  the  waters  in  North  America. 

Gradual  decrease  of  the  ocean,  by  the  decomposition  and 
consolidation  of  the  waters  in  the  formations  of  rocks  and  deposi 
tion  of  strata.  The  rate  of  this  decrease  can  only  be  conjec 
tured,  and  is  rather  immaterial.  The  ocean  subsides  to  3000 
feet. 

The  parallel  strata  are  formed  in  the  following  order,  or  near 
ly:  1,  limestone;  2,  slate;  3,  sandstone;  4, freestone;  5, grit;  G, 
pebble  stone.  They  are  not  always  superincumbent,  nor  co 
existent:  but  are  generally  horizontal,  except  the  four  last 
towards  the  Cumberland  mountains,  which  having  probably  a 
granitic  nucleus,  have  compelled  the  incumbent  strata  to  be 
come  obliqual  or  slightly  inclined  from  10  to  30  degrees. 

By  the  operation  of  submarine  volcanoes,  the  strata  of  coal, 
^lay  and  amygdalvid  are  formed  and  intermixed  at  various  in 
termittent  times  with  the  above  strata. 

Several  minerals,  flint,  quartz,  calcedony,  onyx,  ovulites, 
marls,  barytes,  iron,  lead,  pyrites,  &c.  are  successively  formed 
and  imbedded  or  alternated  with  the  preeminent  strata. 

CREATION  OF  SEA  ANIMALS,  fishes^  shells,  polyps,  &c. ;  the 
exuvia  of  many  pelagic  animals  become  buried  under  or  within 
the  strata,  where  they  exist  to  this  time:  they  belong  principal 
ly  to  the  genera  terebratula,  gonvtrema,  orthocera,  encrinites,  pen- 
iremites,  turbinotites^  astrea?  millepera^  cydorites,  mastrema,  favo- 
sites,  &c, 

2nd  Period. — Emersion  of  Mountains. 

The  Cumberland  or  Wasioto  mountains  emerge  from  the 
sfca,  which  sinks  to  the  level  of  1500  feet  above  its  actual  level, 
and  form  a  peninsula  attached  to  the  Allegheny  Island  or  moun 
tain.  The  schistose  formations  proceed  under  water. 


OF  KENTUCKY.  7 

The  Black,  Laurel,  Pine,  Log  and  Gelico  mountains  emerge 
successively,  after  the  Cumberland  mountains,  and  an  inland 
sea  remains  between  them,  surrounded  by  sandy  hills. 

The  heavy  tides  and  rains  furrow  these  new  lands,  and  form 
valleys  through  the  soft  sandy  strata. 

Grass  and  reeds  grow,  VEGETATION  BEGINS.  Springs  appear. 
Streams  begin  to  flow,  and  gradually  increase  in  length  as  the 
land  extends,  but  decrease  in  depth  and  bulk  by  the  excava 
tion  of  valleys. 

3d  Period.— Emersion  of  Table  Lands. 

Further  diminution  of  the  sea,  till  its  level  is  reduced  to 
11 00 feet  above  the  actual  level,  and  all  the  tablelands  and 
high  lands  of  Kentucky  become  uncovered* 

An  inland  sea  remains  over  the  Ohio  limestone  basin,  cover 
ing  part  of  the  states  of  Ohio  and  Indiana^  and  extending  from 
the  actual  mouth  of  Scioto  river  to  that  of  Salt  river.  It  is 
bounded  W.  and  S.  by  Muldrow  hill,  or  the  ascent  of  the  cen 
tral  table  land  of  Kentucky,  E.  by  the  Knob  hills  of  Kentucky 
and  Ohio,  N.  by  the  Silver  hills  of  Indiana. 

Another  inland  sea  fills  the  actual  Cumberland  basin,  boun 
ded  N.  by  the  Green  river  knobs,  S.  by  the  Cumberland  moun 
tains,  and  open  to  the  west. 

The  upper  Cumberland  'sea  is  drained,  the  Cumberland 
river  flows,  forms  its  tipper  valley,  the  Falls,  and  empties  into 
the  Gulf  of  Cumberland. 

The  Ohio  flows  above  the  Scioto,  and  falls  into  the  large 
Limestone  sea ;  a  long  and  narrow  straight  is  formed  below  the 
Silver  hills. 

Green  river  forms  its  valley,  &c.  All  those  streams  and 
their  branches  excavate  deep  valleys.  The  Kentucky  river 
falls  into  the  Limestone  sea  below  Red  river. 

The  knobs  are  formed  like  downs  on  the  shores  of  the  Lime 
stone  sea.  Muldrow  hill  shaped  like  a  wall  by  the  currents 
being  principally  composed  of  slate  schist. 

Sea  animals  still  living  in  the  Limestone  sea,  and  their  exu* 
Mas  imbedded  in  the  last  limestone  schist, 


AMCIEJfT  Ji 


CREATION  of  land  animals,  insects,  reptiles,  birds  ana  quad 
rupeds  on  the  dry  land. 

Vegetation  increases,  a  thin  soil  is  formed,  trees'and  shrubs 
begin  to  grow,  and  form  forests:  they  succeed  the  mosses,  reeds, 
grasses  and  maritime  plants  produced  in  the  second  period* 
4th  Period.  —  Draining  of  the.  Limestone  Sea. 

Level  of  the  sea  gradually  reduced  to  700  feet  above  the 
actual  level.  The  Limestone  sea  of  Kentucky  drained,  but 
fiill  of  marshes,  and  muddy  swamps;  licks,  clay  and  marl 
salses,  &c. 

The  Ohio  rrvtr  and  its  branches,  Kentucky,  Licking,  Salt, 
Miami,  &c.  excavate  their  Valleys  in  the  soft  muddy  lime 
strata,  which  only  became  indurated  after  a  long  lapse  of  time. 

The  plains  and  glades  of  the  Cumberland  gulf  are  drained, 
and  the  sea  recedes  west  of  them,  to  the  alluvial  gravel  hills, 
formed  under  water,  between  the  actual  Cumberland  and  Ten 
nessee  valleys. 

The  alluvions  and  bottoms  begin  to  form  in  the  valleys  and 
gulfs,  by  the  attrition  of  the  strata  and  soil  conveyed  and  depo 
sited  by  the  streams. 

Animals  and  plants  increase  and  spread  ;  the  sea  animals  be 
come  gradually  extinct,  while,  f.lio.  land  animals  multiply  their 
individuals  and  species. 

Some  small  lakes  and  ponds  left  over  the  land.  The  sinks 
and  caves  of  the  limestone  regions  are  formed.  A  soil  is  formed 
by  the  decomposition  of  strata  and  the  decay  of  vegetable 
substances. 

CREATION  OF  MANKIND  in  Eden,  in  the  highlands  of  Asia.  — 
Adam,  or  Admo,  or  Adimo,  (first  man  ;)  and  Eve,  or  Evah,  (life  ;) 
are  the  parents  of  the  primitive  or  antedeluvian  nation,  called 
the  Adamites. 

This  fourth  period  of  Kentuckian  history,  answers  therefore 
to  the  sixth  day  or  period  of  the  general  creation.  The  first 
and  second  periods  of  creation  having  produced  the  light,  suns, 
stars,  planets,  and  the  earth  with  her  primitive  crystallized 
mountains,  rising  from  10  to  30,000  feet  above  the  actual  ocean, 
besides  the  burning  volcanoes,  &c, 


OF  KENTUCKY.  g 

blh  Period.— NoaVs  Flood. 

Great  flood  of  Noah,  Nuh,  Menu,  or  Nahu,  in  the  eastern 
•continent,  which  may  have  reached  America;  but  has  not  left 
any  evident  traces  of  any  such  violent  convulsion,  (in  Ken- 
tacky  at  least ;)  the  organic  and  human  remains  buried  in  the 
"soil,  are  all  in  gradual  depositions. 

In  Kentucky  the  ocean,  which  still  bathes  its  western  cor 
ner,  subsides  gradually  to  300  feet  above  its  actual  level,  and 
abandons  Kentucky  forever;  forming  merely  a  gulf  in  the  Mis 
sissippi  valley. 

The  great  northern  inland  sea  of  North  America,  which 
included  all  the  great  lakes,  and  extended  from  the  Mississippi 
to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  is  gradually  drained.  The  gre&t 
lakes  with  their  outlets  and  falls  are  formed. 

South  of  Kentucky,  the  Gulf  stream  of  Mexico  deposits  the 
alluvial  ground  reaching  from  Louisiana  to  New  York. 

All  the  valleys  of  rivers  and  creeks  in  Kentucky,  &c.  receive 
their  present  shape. 

Stratas  begin  to  consolidate.     Tins  ponds  nnd  marshes  de 
crease;  but  the  salses  or  muddy  volcanoes  increase.     Vegeta 
tion  overspreads  the  soil.     Animals  multiply.     Earthquakes 
are  frequent ;  some  strata  are  deranged  by  them. 
6th  Period. — Pelcg's  Flood. 

Great  volcanic  eruptions  of  the  sea  in  Europe,  America,  &;c. 
with  awful  earthquakes,  convulsing  the  Atlantic  ocean,  West 
Indies,  Mediterranean,  &c. ;  destroying  many  countries  and 
men. 

The  ocean  acquires  its  actual  level,  and  the  American  con? 
tinent  its  actual  shape. 

The  strata  become  indurated,  and  the  soil  firm  and  solid. 
Lakes  disappear.  Springs  diminish^  and  streams  decrease  in 
bulk:  rains  are  less  heavy,  &LC. 

Huge  animals  ramble  over  the  soil,  such  as  the  mammoths  o> 
mastodons,  elephants,  megalonyx,  big  bears,  elks,  buffaloes, 
jaguars,  &LC.  ;  they  form  licks.  Some  of  them  become  extinct; 
their  bones  ara  found  at  Big-bone  lick,  Drennon's  lick,  the 
Ohio  vajleyj  &c.  in  the  mud  or  alluvions,, 


Part  II Clio, 

OR,   HISTORICAL  ANNALS   OF   MANKIND1  IN   KENTUCKY' 

CHAP.  I.— ADAMITES,  &c. 

RELIGION,  philosophy,  geology,  history,  and  tradition,  com 
bine  to  teach  and  prove  that  mankind  was  created  in  Asia? 
and  that  the  second  cradle  of  mankind  after  Noah's  flood  was 
also  in  the  lofty  lands  of  Asia,  where  mountains  and  peaks 
from  20  to  30  thousand  feet  high  (over  our  actual  ocean,)  arise 
among  table  lands  elevated  from  10  to  15«,000  feet.  The 
loftiest  table  lands  and  mountains  of  America  are  much  less 
elevated,  from  6  to  22  thousand  feet  at  utmost?  and  they  are 
besides  entirely  volcanic,  unfit  therefore  to  have  been  the  cra 
dles  of  mankind.  It.  is  an  evident  and  positive  fact  therefore^ 
that  America  was  populated  from  the  eastern  continent  in  the 
first  instance. 

The  first  cradle  of  mankind  was  called  Eden,  of  Ima,  and 
was  in  the  highest  land  of  Asia.  The  Adamites,  or  Antedelu- 
vians,  were  spread  over  the  eastern  continent;  but  we  have  no 
positive  proofs  that  they  came  to  America^  as  very  few,  if  any, 
remains  have  been  found  that  might  be  ascribed  or  traced  to 
that  previous  existence  of  mankind,  I  shall  not  venture  there 
fore  to  ofifer  mere  conjectures  on  that  subject.  All  the  Ameri 
can  nations  Can  be  trfteed  to  the  second  human  stock,  and  need 
not  therefore  be'  deemed  descendants  of  the  Adamites. 

The  second  cradle  of  mankind  has  received  many  names,— 
Theba,  Tibet,  Meru,  fran,  Taurus,  Ararat,  &c.;  all  referring 
to  lofty  mountains  of  Asia.  Noah,  the  second  parent,  monarch 
and  legisfatof  of  mankind,  was  known  to  all  the  ancient  nations 
many  consimilar  names :  He  is  the 

Nuh  of  the  Persians; 

Menuh  of  the  Hindoux<; 


11 


of  the  Scythians  ; 
Ni-nuh  of  the  Assyrians; 
U-ra-nuh  of  the  Celts  ; 
Pe-non  of  the  Chinese  ; 
Me-non  of  the  Armenians  ; 
Ac-mon  of  the  Atlantes  ; 
Me-nu  of  the  Egyptians  ; 
Oa-ne$  of  the  Chaldeans  ; 
Jsfoch  or  Cox  of  the  Mexicans; 
Noch  or  Moch  of  the  Chiapans,  &c. 
The  three  sons  of  Noah  were  also  known  by  many  ancient 
nations  under  peculiar  names. 

The  principal  nations  of  the  eastern  continent  which  have 
contributed  to  people  North  America  and  Kentucky,  were 

The  Atalans  and  Cutans,  who   came  easterly  through  the 
Atlantic  'ocean; 

The  Iztacans  and  Oghuzians,  who  came  westerly  through 
the  Pacific  ocean. 

CHAP.  II.—  THE  ATALANS  AND  CUTANS. 

THE  history  of  those  two  nations,  and  of  their  settlements  in 
America,  may  be  divided  into  five  periods,  as  follows: 

1.  From  the  dispersion  of  mankind  to  the  first  discovery  of 
America,  including  several  centuries. 

2.  From  the  discovery  of  America  to  the  foundation  of  the 
western  empires,  including  some  centuries, 

3.  From  the  foundation  of  these  empires  to  the  Pelegian 
revolution  of  nature,  including  several  centuries. 

4.  From  the  Pelegian  revolution  to  the  ^nvasion  of  the  Izta^ 
can  nations,  including  about  twelve«centuries. 

5.  From  the  Iztacan  invasion  to  the  decline  and  fall  of  the 
Atajan  and  Cutan  nations  in  North  America,  including  about 
thirty  centuries  to  the  present  time. 

1st  Period.  ~  To  the  Discovery  of  America* 
After  the  Noachian  revolution  of  nature,  mankind  was  spread 
again  over  the  earth,  from  Iran,  Aran,  Meru,  Shinar  or  Cash* 
mir,  different  names  given  to  the  highlands  of  Asia, 
UNIVERSITY  OF  eALIPORNI  A  LIBRARY 


The  first  colonies  of  the  primitive  nation,  preferred  to  reside5. 
on  mountains: — the  mounts  Shingar,  Hirna,  Liban,  Ghaut* 
Shensi,  Laos,  Altay,  Caf,  Arat,  Cush,  Ural,  &c.  in  Asia;  the 
mounts-  Carpath,  Hemus,  Arcad,  Appenines,  Alps,  Pyrenees, 
&c.  in  Europe,  and  the  mounts  Atlas,  Samen,  Tigreh,  fe.  in 
Africa^  became  the  first  abode  of  nations,  who  gradually  spread 
in  the  plains. 

Several  empires  were  successively  established  in  Hindosianr 
China,  Turan,  Persia,  Egypt,  Abyssinia,  &c.  which  underwent 
many  revolutions,  and  sometimes  attained  universal  dominion 
or  preponderance. 

The  nations  which  peopled  the  western  shores  of  the  eastern 
continent,  were  the  Gomerians  in  Europe  and  the  Atlantcs  in 
Africa.  The  Atlantes  formed  a  powerful  empire  in  INort^ 
Africa,  which  gave  lews  to  many  nations,,  such  as  the  Lehabim 
or  Lybians,  the  Phuts,  Naphthuhim  or  Numidians,  the  Wai:- 
fcars,  Barabars  or  Berbers^  the  Daransr  the  Garamans,  the 
Gorans  or  Guanches,  &c. 

In  Europe,  the  Gomerians  divided  into  many  nations ;  those 
that  occupied  the  sea  shores  were — 1st.  the  Peiasgiaus,  scat 
tered- from  Greece-  to  Ireland,  under  the  names  of  Tirasians  in 
Thracia,  Arcadians  in  Greece,  Lestrigons  in  Sicily,  (Enotrians. 
&c.  in  Italy,  Tubalan$  in  Spain,  Cunetans  or  Heijetans  in 
France ;  Termurians  in  Ireland,  &c. ; — 2nd.  the  Celts,  or  Pal- 
lis,  who  became  Hellens  or  Yavanas  in  Greece,  Meshekians, 
Ausonians  and  Ombrians  in  Italy r  Sicules  in  Sicily,  Gaels  i^ 
France^  Hesperians  and  G^deiiaris  in  Spain,  Direcotians  in 
Ireland,  Cumrics  in  Scotland,  Feans  or  Fcines  in  England,  &cv; 
—3d.  the  Sncas,  who  became  Magas  in  England,  Saxons  and 
Rasins  in  Germany,.  Etruscans  or  Tuscans  in  Italy,  Sicanians 
in  Sicily,  &c.  ;-r-4th,  the  Garbans,  who  became  Cyclops  in 
Greece  and  Sicily,  Ligurians  in  Italy,  Cantabrians  in  Spain, 
Bascans  in  France,  &c. 

'All  those  nations  were  intimately  connected  in  languages 
and  manners.  The  Pelasgians  were  bold  navigators,  and  ven 
tured  to  navigate  from  Iceland  to  the  Azores  and  Senegal* 
The  Azores*  Madera^  Canary  and  Capverd  islands  were  then 


OF  KENTUCKY.*  13 

muted  in  one  or  more  islands,  called  the  Atlantic  Islands,  which 
have  given  the  name  to  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  were  first  popu 
lated  by  the  Darans  and  Gorans  or  Western  Atlantes.  Iceland 
was  called  Pushcara,  and  was  not  settled,  owing  to  the  severe 
climate  and  awful  volcanoes. 

Numerous  revolutions  and  invasions  took  place  among  thoss 
nations,  until  at  last  the  Atlantes  of  Africa,  united  them  all  by 
conquest  in  one  powerful  empire,  which  extended  over  North 
Africa,  Spain,  France,  Italy,  part  of  Greece,  Asia,  &c.;  ancj 
lasted  maoy  ages  under  several  dynasties  and  emperors. 

It  was  during  the  splendor  of  this  empire,  that  America  was 
discovered,  by  some  bold  navigators  who  were  led  by  the  trade 
winds,  to  the  West  Indies,  in  a  few  days  from  the  Atlantic 
islands.  They  called  them  Antila  Islands,  which  meant  ber 
fore  the  land,'  and  America  was  called  Atala  or  Great  Atlantes. 
•—Returning  to.  the  Azore  land,  Ly  a  north  east  course,  they 
extolled  the  new  country,  and  a  great  settlement  was  soon 
formed  in  Ayati  or  Ayacuta  (Hayti,)  and  the  neighbouring 
continent  by  the  AUantes. 

.     2nd  Period. — To  the  Foundation  of  Empires. 

The  Atalans,  or  American  Atlantes  spread  themselves 
through  North  and  South  America,  in  the  most  fertile  spots ; 
but  the  marshy  plains  of  Orenoe,  Maranon,  Paraguay,  and  Mis 
sissippi,  as  well  as  the  volcanoes  of  Peru,  Chili,  Quito,  Guati* 
mala  and  Anahuac,  prevented  them  from  settling  those  parts 
oft:  ie  continent.  Many  of  the  subjects  of  the  Atlantic  empire, 
such  as  the  Tubalans,  Cantab  rians,  Cyclops  and  Cunetans,  fok 
low  the  Atalans  in  America,  and  becojne  the  Cutan  nations. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  trace  the  American  nations,  who  have 
sprung  from  those  early  settlers,  owing  to  the  numerous  revo 
lutions  and  intermixtures  which  they  have  undergone:  nor  is 
it  my  intention  to  give  now  a  complete  genealogy  of  the  Atalan 
and  Cutan  nations.  I  must  confine  myself  to  North  America, 
or  even  Kentucky. 

The  Allegheny  mountains  were  called  Localoca.  Beyond 
them  the  country  was  called  Great  White  Land,  (Mafeasweta- 
Bhumi  of  Hind:)  and  it  became  the  seat  of  a  great  empire^ 


i  4 

or  the  Western  Atlantic  Empire.  This  included  of  courso 
Kentucky,  but  extended  from  lake  Ontario  in  the  north,  to 
the  Mississippi.  The  Atlantic  shores  called  Locuta,  or  Lacha- 
cuta,  were  not  settled,  owing  to  their  arid  soil,  lately  emerged 
from  the  sea.  This  western  empire  may  be  called  the  Atalan 
empire. 

3d  Period.— To  the  Revolution  of  Peleg. 

The  country  watered  by  the  Ohio  and  its  branches  was  the 
centre  of  the  Atalan  empire,  and  its  metropolis  stood  some 
where  on  the  Ohio.  It  was  divided  in  several  provinces,  ancj 
ruled  by  a  powerful  monarch  of  the  Atlas  family.  The  Atlan 
tic  monarchs  of  Africa,  Europe,  Atlantia  ajid  Atala,  often  con 
tended  for  supremacy,  and  the  Atalan  emperors  obtained  it 
once.  Their  dominion  extended  from  Atala  to  Syria:  they 
were  repulsed  in  Greece  and  Egypt.  The  African  emperors 
were  acknowledged  generally  as  lords  paramount;  but  they 
resided  in  Europe  as  often  as  in  Africa,  and  had  to  contend 
against  the  Titans,  a  branch  of  their  family  reigning  in  the  Alps, 

There  were  successively  many  Atlantic  emperors  and  mo- 
naflchs,  bearing  the  names  of  Ian,  Atlas,  Acmon,  Ouran,  Ilan, 
Silvan,  Sanu  or  Satur,  Japet  or  Yudish,  Titan,  Neptune  or 
Naphtur,  Plut,  Evenor,  Oanes,  Derceto,  Tritan,  Muth,  Lucip? 
Rahu,  &c.  in  both  continents,  who  were  often  at  war  with  the 
monarchs  of  Egypt,  Ethiopia,  Scythia,  Iran,  and  Bharata  or 
Hindostan. 

An  intercourse  was  kept  up  more  or  less  regularly  between 
all  the  primitive  nations  and  empires  from  the  Ganges  to  the 
Mississippi,  Crishna  or  Hercules,  and  Ramachandra,  two 
heroes  of  India,  visited  Atala  and  the  court  of  the  western 
monarchs,  which  is  called  one  of  the  heavens  on  earth,  by  the 
holy  books  of  the  east. 

The  Atalans  were  civilized  like  the  Atlantes;  lived  in  towns; 
built  houses  of  wood,  clay  and  rough  stones.  They  worshipped 
the  sun  and  moon  as  emblems  of  the  Deity,  and  built  them  cir 
cular  temples.  They  knew  geometry,  architecture,  astronomy  ^ 
glyphic  signs,  or  writing;  the  use  of  metals,  agriculture5 


OF  KENTUCKY.  15 

They  had  public  games,  festivals,  &c.    Their  food  was  flesh, 
fish,  fruits,  roots  and  corn  which  they  brought  from  the  east. 

At  the  time  of  their  highest  prosperity,  a  dreadful  convuL 
^ion  of  nature  happened  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  other  parts 
0f  the  wo'rld,  which  is  recorded  in  the  oldest  annals  of  many 
nations,  the  Hebrew,  Hindoux,  Chinese,  Mexican,  Greeks, 
Egyptians,  &c.  It  appears  to  have  been  occasioned  by  simul 
taneous  eruptions  of  volcanoes  and  earthquakes,  which  sunk, 
destroyed  of  convulsed  many  islands  and  countries,  and  among 
others  the  Atlantic  land,  of  which  the  volcanic  islands  Azores^ 
Madera,  Canary  and  Capvcrd  are  the  remains. 

In  America,  the  Antilan  lands  were  severed,  the  Carib 
islands  formed,  the  Atlantic  shores  inundated  by  awful  tides, 
and  many  countries  sunk  or  altered.  This  cataclysm  is  the 
division  of  the  earth  under  Peleg,  the  flood  of  Ogyges  or  Ogug, 
the  Sanscrit  convulsion  of  the  White  sea  or  Atlantic  ocean. — 
The  terror  occasioned  by  this  phenomenon  interrupted  the  in 
tercourse  between  Europe  and  America*  The  Eastern  Atlan- 
tes  thought  that  the  whole  American  continent  had  sunk,  like 
Ihe  Atlantic  and  many  Antilan  islands;  and  the  Atlantes  of 
Ihe  interior  of  America  becam6  insulated  and  separated  from 
the  Atlantic  empire* 

4<A  Period. — To  the  Izlacan  fnvasion. 

The  Atalans  of  North  America  became  now  divided  in  manf 
states  and  nations,  such  as 

The  Apalans  or  Tlapalans  j  scattered  from  Florida  to  Virginia? 

The  Timalans  from  Texas  to  Guatimala. 

The  Po*cons  or  Locans  from  the  Allegheny  to  Panama. 

These?  divided  again  into  Golocas,  Conoys,  Nanticoes,  Zolu- 
cans,  Lomashas,  Popolo'cas,  Wocons  and  Poconchians. 

The  Gorans  from  Missouri  to  Mexico. 

The  Talegans  in  Kentucky,  Illinois,  Ohio,  Virginia,  &c. 

While  the  Cutans  of  North  America  became  also  indepefr 
dent,  and  formed  many  nations,  such  as 

The  Ayacutans  of  Hayti,  &c. 

The  Lachacutans  of  Cuba  and  Alachuans  of  Florida, 

The  Yucut^ns  of  Mexico,  and  Yucuyans  of  Bahama, 


The  Arohuans  of  many  islands  and  South  America. 

The  Tunicas  of  Louisiana,  Tepenacas  and  Tononacas  of" 
Anahuac. 

The  Pamicans  of  Texas,  and  Tanulans  of  Tennessee. 

The  Catabans  of  Carolina  and  Florida. 

The  Cuzans,  Cuzadans  or  Quezedans  of  Tennessee  and 
Alabama. 

All  those  nations  were  often  contending  for  supremacy ;  ex 
cept  the  Islanders,  who  became  happy  peaceful  nations,  whence 
the  West  Indies  were  called  the  Fortunate  Islands  when  dis 
covered  again* 

It  appears  that  the  Talegans  of  the  Ohio,  and  the  Apalans 
south  of  them,  were  two  of  the  most  powerful  empires  of  that 
period.  The  Apalans  had  many  provinces  or  tribes,  such  as 
the  Apalachis,  Apalehen,Tlapafi,  Alatamaha,  Ichiti,  Opalusas< 
&c. ;  and  were  often  at  war  with  the  Talegans. 

These  Talegans,  which  we  found  named  TalegawCs  or  Ai- 
leghanys  afterwards,  had  dominion  over  a  large  extent  of 
country.  Their  several  provinces  were  situated  in  the  most 
fertile  regions,  such  as  Kentucky,  Ohio,  the  Kenhaway  valley, 
the  Illinois,  the  banks  of  lake  Erie  and  Ontario. 

After  some  centuries,  America  was  visited  again  by  the  na 
tions  of  West  Europe  and  Africa,  but  neither  frequently  nor  in 
numbers.  A  casual  intercourse  was  restored  between  the  two 
continents.  The  Azores  Were  visited  as  well  as  Madera,  but 
not  peopled  owing  to  their  active  volcanoes ;  but  the  Canary 
or  Hesperides  islands  were ;  from  thence  the  navigators  went 
to  Cerne  or  St.  Jago,  and  in  18  days  to  the  Carib  islands. — 
About  this  time  the  Carib,  or  Galibis,  must  have  come  to  South 
America ;  they  appear  of  Cantabrian  origin.  The  great  na 
tion  of  Guarani  which  extended  all  over  Guiana,  Brazil  and 
Paraguay  was  of  Daran  origin  and  previous  arrival. 

When  the  Arcutans  or  Fermurians  of  Ireland,  were  expelled 
by  the  Dannans,  a  tribe  of  Pallis  or  Gaels,  (after  many  revolu 
tions  in  the  island,)  they  fled  to  Ayacuta,  or  Western  Island  of 
jHayti,  and  became  grobably  the  Arjohuac  natloov 


then  all  the  inhabitants  of  America  had  come  from  the 
east;  bat  now  a  great  invasion  took  place  from  the  west  or 
from  Asia.  Perhaps  these  Asiatic  nations  had  crossed  the 
ocean  before  the  Pelegan  or  Ogugan  catastrophe.  They  are 
traced  to  the  north  west  coast  of  America,  and  gradually  came 
in  contact  with  the  Atalans  and  Cutans  on  the  Missouri  and  in 
Anahuac.  I  shall  call  them  Iztacan,  from  their  ancestor  Iztac. 
5th  Period, — Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Atalans,  $r. 

The  wars  which  happened  in  consequence  of  the  Iztacan 
invasions,  had  the  effect  to  annihilate  some  nations,  and  scatter 
many  other,  while  several  were  subdued  and  incorporated  with 
their  conquerors.  Kentucky  was  conquered  by  the  Ulrnecas, 
the  Huasiotos  and  Taensas,  three  Iztacan  nations.  After  the 
successive  rule  of  these  nations  on  the  Ohio,  the  Siberian  na 
tions  or  Oguzian  tribes  began  to  appear  and  wage  war  on  the 
Iztacans  and  the  Atalans^  which  they  drove  away  to  the  south* 
The  last  remains  of  the  former  Atalans  and  Cutans ,  which  can 
be  traced  to  have  escaped  these  conflicts  and  were  still  existing 
towards  1500,  were  the  following: — The  Wocons  in  Carolina, 
the  Homoloas,  Malicas,  Apaktchians  and  others  in  Georgia  and 
Florida,  the  Conoys  of  Virginia,  the  Nanticoes  of  Maryland  f 
the  Catabas  of  Carolina,  the  Cahuitas  and  Calusas  of  Alabama, 
the  Tunicas  of  Louisiana,  the  Gorans^  Coroas  or  Escoros  of  the 
Missouri,  Arkanzas,  Carolina,  California  and  Mexico;  besides 
many  nations  of  Anahuac,  &c. 

Before  the  Christian  era  a  casual  intercourse  was  kept  up 
between  the  two  continents.  The  Phenicians  and  Gadesiems 
traded  to  America:  this  Continent  was  known  to  the  maritime 
nations  of  West  Europe  and  North-west  Africa*  The  Numi- 
dians  went  there  2000  years  ago,  as  well  as  the  Celts;  they 
frequented  Paria  arid  Hayti  principally.  The  Etruscans,  a 
powerful  nation  of  Italy  j  who  settled  there  from  the  Rhetian 
Alps  about  three  thousand  years  ago^  went  to  America  and 
wanted  to  send  colonies  there,  but  were  prevented  by  the 
Carthagenians.  This  intercourse  gradually  declined,  owing 
to  the  numerous  shipwrecks  and  warlike  habits  of  the  Caribs* 

D 


ANCIENT 


Iztacans  and  Oguzians,  till  the  knowledge  of  America  becatn& 
almost  lost  or  clouded  in  fables  and  legends. 

During  the  decline  of  the  Atalans,  some  fled  to  Anahuac  and 
South  America,  where  they  founded  new  empires,  or  civilized 
many  nations,  such  as  the  Cholulans  of  Anahuac,  and  the  Muy- 
seas,  Puruays,  Collaos,  Tiahuanacos  and  Cojas  of  South  Ameri 
ca,  who  ascribe  their  ancient  civilization  to  white  and  bearded 
strangers. 

Thus  the  ancient  arts  and  sciences  of  North  America  were 
transferred  to  the  South*  In  the  greatest  splendor  of  the 
Atalans  and  Cutans,  they  had  built  above  one  thousand  towns 
on  the  waters  of  the  Ohio,  of  which  nearly  two  hundred  were 
in  Kentucky,  and  the  remains  of  above  one  hundred  are  seen 
to  this  day.  The  population  must  have  been  as  great  as  the 
actual  one,  and  Kentucky  must  have  had  half  a  million  of  in 
habitants  at  least.  The  monuments  of  these  early  nations  are 
easily  distinguished  from  the  subsequent  Iztacan  monuments^ 
by  a  greater  antiquity,  their  circular,  elliptical  and  conical 
shapes* 

CHAP.  III.—  HISTORY  OF  THE  IZTACANS. 

THE  annals  of  the  numerous  nations  who  claim  this  origin. 
may  be  divided  into  five  periods  of  time. 

1.  From  the  Iztacan  empire   of  Asia  to  the  Iztacan  settle* 
ments  in  America  and  Kentucky,  including  many  centuries. 

2.  From  the  invasion  of  Kentucky  to  the  foundation  of  the 
Natchez  empire,  including  about  ten  centuries. 

3.  From  the  Natchez  empire  to  the  Oghuzian  invasion,  in 
cluding  about  five  centuries. 

4.  From   the  Oghuzian  invasion  to   the  expulsion  of  the 
Natchez  from  Kentucky,  including  about  five  centuries. 

5.  From  the  Natchez  expulsion  to  the  present  time,  including 
theChicasa  and  Cherokee  dominions  in  Kentucky,  —  about  ten 
centuries. 

1st  Period.  —  To  the  Invasion  of  Kentucky. 
Soon  aftert  he  formation  of  the  great  Asiatic  empires  of  Iran, 
Ayodhia?  Yitwa,  China,  &c.  another  was  founded  near  the 


OF  KENTUCKY.  t& 

Caspian  sea,  on  the  mountains  of  Caf  or  Caucasus  and  Vipula 
©r  Bactria,  which  was  successively  called  Aztula,  (strong  land) 
Aztlan,  Tula,  Tollan,  Turan,  &LC.  The  first  monarch  of  it 
was  Iztac-mixcoatl,  (strong  head  snake :)  He  had  six  sons,  who 
became  the  heads  of  as  many  nations ;  they  were 

Xelhua  or  Colhua,  the  father  of  the  Colhuans,  &x» 
Tenoch  or  Tenuch,  ancestor  of  the  Tenuchs,  &c. 
Olmecatl  or  Ulmecatl,  ancestor  of  the  Olmecans,  &c« 
Xicalancatl  or  Xicalhan,  of  the  Zicalans,  &c. 
Mixtecatl  or  Miztecatl,  of  the  Tecas,  &c. 
Otomitl,  ancester  of  the  Otomis,  &c. 

From  these  have  sprung  all  the  Iztacan  nations,  scattered 
all  over  North  America  and  part  of  South  America. 

Many  other  empires  having  begun  to  rise  in  the  vicinity  of 
Aztlan,  such  as  those  of  Bali,  Scythia,  Thibet,,  Oghuz,  the 
Iztacan  were  driven  eastwards,  north  of  China;  but/ some 
fragments  of  the  nation  are  still  found  in  the  Caucasus,  &>c» 
such  as  the  Abians  or  Abassans,  Alticezecs,  Cushazibs,  Chun* 
sags,  Modjors,  &c. 

The  six  Iztacan  nations  being  still  pressed  upon  by  their 
neighbours  the  Oghuzians,  Moguls,  &c.  gradually  retreated  os 
sent  colonies  to  Japan,  and  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  ocean; 
.having  discovered  America  at  the  peninsula  of  Alasca,  during 
their  navigations,  the  bulk  df  the  nation  came  over  and  spread 
from  Alasca  to  Anahuac,  establishing  many  states  in  thawest 
of  America,  such  as  Tula,  Amaquemecan,  Tehuajo,  Nabajoa, 
Teopantla,  Huehue,  and  many  others. 

After  crossing  the  mountains,  they  discovered  and  followed 
the  Missouri  and.  Arkanzas  rivers,  reaching  thus  the  Mississippi 
and  Kentucky. 

2nd  Period.-— To  the  Foundation  of  the  Natchez* 

The  Olmecas  or  Hulmees  were  the  first  Iztacans  who  vei> 
tured  to  come  to  Kentucky,  where  they  did  not  make  a  perma 
nent  settlement.  They  came  in  contact  with  the  Talegans^ 
and  not  being  able  to  subdue  them,,  they  left  the  country,  in 
vaded  Tennessee,  &c.  The  Winginas  and  Westoes  of  Caro 
lina,  as  well  as  the  Yamassees  of  Georgia,  may  be  remains  of 
these  Olmecas  5  but  the  bulk  of  the  nation  went  to  Anahuac, 


with  the  Xicalans,  having  made  ap^  alliance  with  them.  The 
Xiealan$  were  another  Iztacan  ndtion  who  had  come  down  the^ 
Arkanza^;  meeting  on  the  Mississippi  with  powerful  Atalans, 
such  as  the  Gorans,  Talagans,  &c.  they  joined  the  Olmecas  in 
a  confederacy  against  them. 

After  partly  settling  in  Alabama,  Tennessee,  Georgia  and 
Florida;  they  were  both  compelled  to  go  to  Anahuac,  which 
they  reached  frQm  the  north-east,  and  where  they  became 
powerful  in  time. 

The  Otomis  were  the  most  barbarous  of  the  Iztacans,  being 
hunters  rather  than  cultivators;  they  had  spread  gradually 
from  the  Missouri  to  Anahuac,  in  the  rear  of  the  Xicallans, 
under  the  names  of  Mazahuas  or  Mahas,  Huashashas  or 
Ozages,  Gapahas  or  Arkanzas,  Otos  or  Huatoctas,  Mino-. 
was  or  Missouri  or  Ayowas,  Dareotas  or  Nadowessis,  Hua- 
tanis  or  Mandans,  &c.  They  began  to  make  war  on  the., 
Talegans  of  Illinois,  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  and  the  Otos  appear 
to  have  become  the  Sciotos  of  Ohio,  the  Huasiptos  of  East 
Kentucky,  and  the  Utinas  of  Florida, 

The  Colhuans  and  Tenuchans  came  the  last  on  the  Arkan-. 
zas,  and  settled  the  kingdoms  of  Tollan,  Tulaf  Huehue,  Co- 
patta,  &c.  in  that  region.  The  Atalans  and  Iztacans  were 
successively  at  war  or  in  peace ;  but  the  Iztacans  prevailed  at 
last  in  West  Kentucky,  when  all  the  Iztacans  east  of  the  Mis 
sissippi  formed  a  confederary  against  the  Atalans;  this  was 
the  beginning  of  the  Natchez  dominion. 

During  these  struggles,  many  peaceful  Atalans  left  the  coun 
try  and  went  to  Anahu,ac,  Ayatj,  Onohualco  and  South  Ameri- 
ca>  where  they  became  legislators  and  rulers. 

3d  Period. — To  the  Oghuzian  Invasion. 
The  Natchez  empire,  or  confederacy,  of  Iztacan  nations,, 
extended  from  the  Ohio  to  Florida,  and  from  the  Alleghenies 
to  the  Mississippi;  west  of  it  were  the  kingdoms  of  Capaha, 
Pacaha  and  Copatta,  (perhaps  only  one,)  also  Iztacan.  This 
Confederacy  consisted  of  five  hundred  towns,  and  many  tribes* 
such  as  the  Natchez,  Taensas,  Chitimachas,  Movila,  Yasoos  or 
and  many  more.  East  of  them  were  the  Apalaohian 


OF  KENTUCKY.  %\ 

Cataba  confederacies,  and  north  the  Talegans  who  had 
retreated  on  the  north  side  of  the  Ohio. 

The  nations  forming  this  empire  or  league,  were  civilized 
and  cultivators;  they  became  polished  by  their  intercourse 
with  the  Atalans,  and  borrowed  many  customs  from  them. — 
They  worshipped  the  sun  and  fire ;  but  did  not  build  circular 
temples,  erecting  instead  pyramids  and  high  altars,  generally 
of  a  square  or  angular  form.  Each  tribe  had  a  king,  each  town 
a  governor;  but  the  Natchez  kings  who  were  called  Suns,  had 
the  supremacy  over  all.  Agriculture  and  trade  were  well 
attended  to.  Many  contentions  and  revolutions  happened; 
but  the  Oghuzian  invasion  was  the  most  fatal. 

The  Siberian  nations,,  which  had  spread  over  the  north  of 
Asia  at  the  dissolution  of  the  Oghuzian  empire,  having  come 
to  America  across  Behring  Strait,  sought  milder  climates  by 
travelling  south,,  and  coming  in  contact  with  the  civilized  but 
less  warlike  nations  of  anterior  origin,  began  towage  war  over 
them,  and  drive  them  gradually  further  south,  towards  Florida 
and  Anahuac., 
4th  Period.-^-To  the  expulsion  of  the  Natchez  from  Kentucky. 

At  the  Oghuzian  invasion,  the  Taencas,  a  Natchez  tribe, 
occupied  West  Kentucky,  the  Huasiotos  were  in  East  Ken 
tucky,  and  some  Talegans  still  held  the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  &c» 

The  Cherokees  or  Zulocans,  an  Atalan  nation  dwelling  west 
of  the  Mississippi,  being  driven  by  the  Oghuzians,  came  to 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  settled  at  last  after  many  wars 
in  the  mountains  of  Carolina,  where  they  became  a  nation  of 
hunting  mountaineers,  and  gradually  destroyed  the  Huasioto 
nation  of  the  Cumberland  mountains. 

The  Shawanees,  an  Oghuzian  tribe,  came  then  in  contact 
with  the  Natchez  and  expelled  them  from  Kentucky,  which 
they  occupied  for  a  long  time. 

The  Talegans  north  of  the  Ohio,  were  partly  destroyed  or 
driven  south,  through  Kentucky,  to  join  the  Apalachian,  or 
down  the  Mississippi  towards  Louisiana  and  Mexico. 
•     5th  Period. — To  the  'present  time. 

The  Natchez  confederacy  declined  gradually,  becoming  di- 


22  ANCIENT 

vided  into  several  independent  nations,  such  as  the  Taensas, 
Chitimachas,  Alabamas,  Coosas,  Cahuitas  or  Cowetas,  Win« 
ginas,  &c.  spread  from  Louisiana  to  Carolina,  which  however 
did  not  wage  w-ar  together,  but  were  often  united  against  the 
Cherokees,  Catawbas  and  Oghuzian  nations. 

When  the  Toltecas  of  Mexico  drove  away  the  Xicallans,  the 
bulk  of  that  nation  came  to  the  Mississippi,  and  settled  on  both 
sides  of  it,  above  the  Natchez;  many  nations  have  sprung  from 
that  stock,  all  intimately  connected  in  language  and  manners, 
such  as  the  Chicasas,  Chactaws,  Yazoos  or  Tapousas,  Mus- 
colgees,  Cofachis,  &c.  spreading  north  and  east  of  the  Natchez, 
they  formed  a  bulwark  between  them  and  the  northern  inva 
ders  ;  the  Chicasas  extended  their  conquests  to  the  banks  of  the 
Ohio  in  Kentucky. 

The  great  Otomi  nations,  extending  from  the  Missouri  to 
Anahuac,  divided  into  numerous  tribes,  such  as  the  Osages  or 
Wahashas,  Missouris,  Ottos,  Mazahuas,  or  Omahuas,  Capahas 
or  Arkansas,  Mandans,  &c.:  the  Osages,  Missouris  and  Arkan- 
zas,  penetrate  as  far  as  West  Kentucky,  the  banks  of  the 
Wabash,  &c. 

A  succession  of  wars  and  contentions  take  place  between  the 
numerous  nations  of  various  stocks  scattered  in  North  America, 
by  which  they  are  weakened  and  prevented  from  improving 
their  civilization,  or  uniting  against  the  encroachments  of  the 
Europeans. 

The  Spanish,  French,  and  English,  after  tihe  discovery  of 
America  by  Columbus,  settle  in  North  America,  and  in  three 
hundred  years  occupy  all  the  land  from  Canada  to  Mexico, 
except  a  few  small  spots,  acquiring  possession  of  it  by  various 
means,  conquests,  cessions  or  purchases. 

CHAP  IV.— HISTORY  OF  THE  OGHUZIANS. 

SOMETHING  like  a  chronological  order  can  be  now  introduced. 
The  records  of  the  Mexicans,  the  traditions  of  many  Oghuzian 
nations,  and  the  annals  of  the  Europeans,  afford  sufficient  ma 
terials  for  a  complete  history ;  but  I  must  be  very  brief. 


OF  KENTUCKY.  23 

1st  Period. — From  the  Invasion  of  North  America  by  the  Oghu- 

zians,  towards   the  first  year  of  our  Era,  to   the  Defeat  of  the 

Talegans,  towards  500,  including  five  hundred  years. 

Nearly  two  thousand  years  ago,  great  revolutions  happened 
in  the  north  of  Asia;  the  Oghuzian  empire  was  severed,  and  a 
swarm  of  barbarous  nations  emigrating  from  Tatary  and  Sibe 
ria,-  spread  desolation  from  Europe  to  America.  In  Europe 
they  nearly  destroyed  the  powerful  Roman  empire,  and  in 
North  America  they  subverted  many  civilized  states. 

Several  of  those  Oghuzian  nations,  driven  by  necessity  or 
their  foes  to  the  north-east  corner  of  Asia,  came  in  sight  of 
America,  and  crossing  Berhing  Strait  on  the  ice,  at  various 
times,  they  reached  North  America.  Two  of  them,  the  Lenap 
and  the  Menguy,  seeking  milder  climates,  spread  themselves 
towards  the  south ;  while  another,  the  Karitit,  which  came 
after  them,  spread  on  the  sea  shores  from  Alaska  to  Greenland, 
and  some  others  settled  on  the  north-west  coast  of  America. 

The  Lenaps  after  settling  some  time  on  the  Oregon  and 
Multnomah  rivers,  crossed  the  Oregon  mountains,  and  follow 
ing  the  Missouri,  fighting  their  way  through  the  Ottomies,  &c» 
they  reaehed  the  Mississippi,  nearly  at  the  same  time  with 
the  Mengays,  who  had  come  north  of  the  Missouri.  They 
found  the  powerful  Talegans  in  possession  of  Illinois,  Ohio, 
Kentucky,  who  opposed  their  progress  and  cut  off  the  first 
party  that  ventured  to  cross  the  Mississippi.  A  long  war  en 
sued,  in  which  the  two  Oghuzian  nations  joined  in  a  confedera 
cy  against  the,  Talegans,  and  succeeded  after  a  long  struggle 
to  drive  them  away  to  the  south. 
2nd  Period. — From  the  Defeat  of  the  Talegans,  towards  500,  to 

the   Dispersion  of  the  Lenaps,  towards    800, — including  three 

hundred  years. 

When  the  Lenaps  had  defeated  the  Talegans,  they  had  to 
tontend  with  the  Natchez  of  West  Kentucky,  the  Huasiotos  of 
East  Kentucky,  the  Sciotos  of  Ohio,  besides  many  remaining 
branches  of  the  Atalans,  Cutans,  &e.  scattered  in  North'  Ame 
rica,  which  they  vanquished,  destroyed  or  drove  away,  occupy- 
'ing  all  the  country  from  the  Missouri  to  the  Allegheny  moun 
tains;  while  the  Men  guys  settled  north  of  them  on  the  lakes, 


The  Lenaps  were  hunters,  but  lived  in  towns,  and  becamfc 
partly  civilized  by  the  prisoners  and  slaves  that  they  made. — 
They  began  to  cultivate  corn,  beans,  squashes,  tobacco,  &c. 
Their  hunters  having  ventured  across  the  Allegheny  moun 
tains,  discovered  a  fine  country,  not  occupied  by  any  nations  j 
in  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania.  Many  were  induced  to  remove 
to  that  country,  where  they  should  be  more  distant  from  their 
southern  foes. 

A  settlement  was  made  east  of  the  mountains,  and  the  great 
Lenapian  nation  became  thus  divided  into  many  distant  tribes. 
independent  of  each  other;  but  connected  by  a  similarity  of 
language,  religion,  manners,  and  acknowledged  origin. 

The  principal  of  these  tribes,  which  thus  became  indepen 
dent  nations,  we  re  the  Chinucs  on  the  Oregon,  the  Anilcos  and 
Quiguason  theMissouri^  the  Utawas  and  Miamis  north  of  the 
Ohio,  the  Shawanees  or  Massawomees  in  Kentucky,  the  Mo 
higans  and  Abnakis  in  New  England^  the  Sankikans  in  New 
Jersey,  the  Unarms  and  Minsis  in  Pennsylvania,  the  Powhatans 
in  Virginia,  the  Nanticoes  in  Maryland,  the  Chipeways  and 
Clistenos  on  the  upper  Mississippi,  &x% 

A  similar  division  took  place  in  the  Men  guys,  and  the  in 
dependent  nations  sprung  from  them,  were  the  Hurons  or 
Wyaiidots  near  lake  Huron^  the  Eries  or  Erigas  on  lake  Erie 
in  Ohio,  the  Tuscororas  in  Kentucky,  the  Senekas,  Mohawks, 
Cayugas,  Oneidas  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  &c.  That  portion  of 
the  nation  which  remained  west  of  the  Mississippi,  became 
mixt  with  some  Otomian  tribes,  and  formed  the  great  Darcota 
nation,  since  divided  into  many  tribes,  such  as  the  Sioux,  Assini- 
boils,  Tintons,  Yanctons,  &c. 

3d  Period. — From  the  Dispersion  of  the  Lenaps^  towards  800,  to 
the  Shawanee  Confederacy,  towards  1 1 00 — including  three  hun 
dred  years. 

The  Oghuzian  nations  had  united  for  a  long  while  against 
their  southern  enemies ;  but  many  Menguy  tribes  became  jea 
lous  of  the  Lenaps  when  they  saw  them  possessed  of  the  best 
lands  and  growing  very  powerful*  Dissentions  occurred  be- 
twee'n  the  various  tribes  east  and  west  of  the  mountains.  The 


OF  KENTUCKY.  25 

Senekas  and  Mohawks  begin  to  quarrel  with  the  Mohigans  and 
Lenaps.  They  endeavour  to  excite  wars  between  them  and 
the  Cherokees.  Several  wars  occur  between  the  Lenaps  and 
many  Menguys,  in  which  the  Wyandots  and  Erigas  take  no 
part. 

Meanwhile  the  Shawanees  of  Kentucky  have  many  quarrels 
and  wars  with  their  neighbours ;  they  drive  away  the  Tuscaro- 
ras  to  Carolina,  and  some  Erigas  towards  Florida.  They 
wage  war  by  turns  with  the  Natchez,  Tapoussas,  Cherokees? 
and  Apalachians  to  the  south,  with  the  Catabas,  Wocons  and 
Westos  to  the  east,  the  Capahas,  Ozages^  &c.  to  the  west. 
Not  satisfied  with  the  possession  of  Kentucky,  they  extend  their 
conquests  and  settlements  as  far  as  lake  Ontario  to  the  north, 
in  Carolina  and  Georgia  to  the  south.  The  Cumberland  river 
became  the  centre  of  their  settlements.  They  were  hostile  to 
all  their  neighbours  except  those  of  Lenapian  origin,  and  be 
ing  in  contact  with  many  more  than  any  other  branch,  were 
considered  as  the  bulwark  of  that  nation. 

In  order  to  resist  their  numerous  enemies,  they  formed  a 
general  confederacy  extending  from  the  Lakes  to  Florida,  which 
soon  became  formidable  twen  to  their  former  allies,  under  the 
name  of  Massawomees  or  Wassawamees.  The  branches  of 
this  great  alliance  were  known  by  the  names  of  Sakis  and  Ki- 
capoos  in  the  west,  Uchees  and  Chowans  in  the  east,  Satanas 
in  the  north,  Savanas  in  the  south,  &c* 

4th  Period. — From  the  Shawanee  Confederacy,  towards  1100,  to  the 
Utawa  Supremacy,  towards  1400,— including  three  hundred 
years. 

The  Utawas  were  a  branch  of  the  Lenaps,  settled  north  of 
the  Lakes,  and  holding  supremacy  over  the  Northern  Lenaps ; 
being  driven  south  of  the  lakes,  by  their  wars  with  the  Men- 
guys,  they  assumed  a  superiority  over  the  Miamis  of  Ohio, 
whom  they  defeated  in  battle ;  but  they  had  more  difficulty  in 
their  contentions  with  the  powerful  Shawanees.  A  long  war 
was  the  result;  the  Utawas  conquered  part  of  central  Ken* 
tucky,  and  compelled  at  last  the  Shawanees  to  acknowledge 

E 


28  +WCIEMT  ANNALS 

them  as  superiors  and  entitled  to  hold  the  great  council  fire  in 
the  west,  as  the  Lenaps  did  in  the  east. 

During  this  struggle  many  revolutions  had  occurred  around 
Kentucky.  The  Conoys  had  become  powerful  in  the  Ken- 
haway  valley,  and  the  Illinois  on  the  Wabash.  The  Shawa 
nees  enter  into  an  alliance  with  them.  The  Chicasaws  begin 
to  grow  powerful  in  the  south-west,  and  wage  war  with  the 
Shawanees,  &c. 

The  supremacy  of  the  Utawas  was  acknowledged  gradually 
l>y  all  the  Lenapians  west  of  the  mountains,  and  the  chief  of 
that  tribe  was  considered  as  the  greatest  chief.  They  settled 
in  many  parts  of  lake  Huron  and  Michigan,  on  the  Mississippi, 
and  left  Kentucky  to  the  Shawanees* 
-5th  Period. — From  the  Utawa  Supremacy,  towards  1400,  to  the. 

Invasion  of  Soto,  towards  1540, — including  about.  140  years. 

Towards  the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus  in  1492,  the 
situation  of  the  nations  residing  in  Kentucky  or  the  immediate 
neighbourhood  was  nearly  as  follows: 

The  Massawomees  or  Shawanees  had  possession  of  the 
greatest  part  of  Kentucky,  the  Cumberland  valley  in  Tennes 
see,  nearly  all  the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  and  they  had  settlements 
or  colonies  in  Illinois,  Georgia,  Carolina,  Gennessee,  &c.  They 
had  nearly  one  hundred  towns,  many  of  which  very  populous* 

The  Chicasaws  claimed  by  conquest  the  west  of  Tennessee 
and  Kentucky,  and  resided  southerly  of  the  Ohio. 

West  of  the  Mississippi  near  Kentucky,  the  most  powerful 
nations  were  the  Capahas,  Ozages,  Anileos,  Quiguas,  &c. ;  the 
two  last  of  Lenapian  origin,  and  extending  east  as  far  as  the 
Wabash. 

In  Ohio  were  the  Miamis,  Erigas,  Tongorias,  &c. 

In  Virginia,  the  Conoys,  Moriacans,  Powhatans,  &c. 

In  Tennessee,  the  Cherokees,  Chugees  or  Ichias,  &c. 

On  the  St.  Lawrence,  five  tribes  of  Menguys— the  Senekas, 
Mohawks,  Oneidas,  Cayugas  and  Onondagos,  had  united  into 
a  league,  which  soon  became  formidable  (under  the  name  of 
Iroquese  or  Five  Nations,)  to  all  the  Oghuzian  nations* 


OF  KENTUCKY.  21 

On  the  Atlantic  shores  the  Lenapian  tribes  had  divided  into 
numerous  nations,  often  at  war  with  each  other  for  supremacy 
or  dominion. 

Several  other  nations,  besides  the  Atalans,  Cutans,  Iztacan?,. 
and  Oghuzians,  had  reached  various  parts  of  America,  before 
the  modern  Europeans,  such  as  the  Mayans  or  Malays,  tho 
Scandinavians,  the  Chinese,  the  Ainus,  of  Eastern  Asia,  the 
Nigritians  or  African  negroes!  &c.;  but  as  they  did  not  settle 
in  or  near  Kentucky,  they  do  not  fall  under  my  present  scope* 

CHAP.  V.— HISTORY  OF  KENTUCKY,  &c. 

From  the  Spanish  Discovery  or  Invasion  under  Soto,  towards  1543, 
till  the  Settlement  of  Kentucky  by.  the  Virginians  in  1773 — in 
cluding  about  two  hundred  and  thirty  years. 
1st  Period.-*— -Introduction. 

1492.  Discovery  of  America  by  Christopher  Columbus.. 
1496.   Discovery  of  North  America  by  Sebastian  Cabot. 
1512.  Discovery  of  Florida,  by  J.  Ponce  De  Leon. 
1520.  Discovery  of  Georgia  by  Mirvelo,  who  calls  it  Cicoria* 
1525.  Invasion  of  Georgia  by  D'Aillon  and  Mirvelp,.  who  are 

defeated  by  the  Shawanees  and  other  nations* 

1 528.  Second  invasion  and  defeat  of  the  Spaniards  in  Florida. 
1536.  Third  invasion  of  the  Spaniards   in  Florida.     Alvar 

Nunez  discovers  the  Mississippi,  and  reaches  Culiacan  on.  the 

Pacific  ocean  across  the  continent* 

2nd  Period.— ^-Sixteenth  Century* 

1539.  Fern.  Soto,  governor  of  Cuba,  invades  North  America 
with  an  army  of  1050  men  and  three  hundred  horses:  he  lands 
in  Florida,  defeats  many  nations,  and  winters  in  Apalachia. 

1540.  Soto  visits  the  Cofas,  Cherokees,  Shawanees,  Curas> 
&c. ;  discovers  Tennessee,  wins  a  great  battle  at  Mobile,  and< 
winters  at  the  Chicasas. 

1541.  Battle  with  the  Chicasas;    Soto  crosses  the  Chuca-> 
gua  or  Mississippi,  visits  Capahaand  Tula,  discovers  Arkanzas, 
and  winters  in  Utiangue. 

1542.  Soto  wanders   west  of  the  Mississippi,  discovers  the 
Missouri,  and  diesatGuachoya,(the  WashashasorOzages)  near 


the  Anilcos  or  Ilicos,  (Illinois.)  lie  is  succeeded  by 
who  vainly  attempts  to  reach  Mexico  by  land,  goes  no  further 
than  the  Aches  or  Panis,  and  returns  to  the  Missouri  near  the 
Ozages,  winters  at  Minoya  or  Minowas. 

1543.  The  Spaniards  reduced  to  350  men,  and  threatened 
by  the  king  of  the  Quiguas  (or  Wiwas,)  with  a  powerful  attack, 
embark  in  21  boats,  and  going  night  and  day,  reach  the  mouth 
of  the  Mississippi  in  twenty  days,  after  losing  many  men  in 

battle  with  the  Quiguas,  who  pursued  them  for   ten  days. - 

Only  300  Spaniards  reached  Panuco  and  Mexico.      Discovery 
of  Illinois  and  KENTUCKY  in  descending  the  Mississippi. 

1545.  T<he  Muscogees  settle  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  be 
come  afterward  the  head  of  the  southern  confederacy. 

1550.  The  Menguys  begin  to  wage  war  with  all  their  neigh 
bours  ;  they  destroy  the  Satanas,  a  branch  of  the  Massawomees  <>, 
and  settle  in  their  country  south  of  lake  Ontario. 

1560*  The  Massawomees  of  Kentucky  are  at  war  with  the 
southern  nations,  and  many  eastern  nations;  but  at  peace  with 
the  nations  nor,th  of  the  Ohio ;— they  form  a  settlement  on  the 
Susquehannah. 

1562  to  '68.  Settlements  and  wars  of  the  French  and  Span 
iards  in  Carolina  and  Georgia,  in  which  many  nations  take  a 
part. 

1584  to  '89.,,  First  settlements  of  the  English  in  North  Caro 
lina;  wars  with  the  Winginans,  &c.  Three  unsuccessful  cota 
nies.  Kentucky  was  included  in  the  charter  of  the  colony. 

1590.  Wahun-Sanacoc,  king  of  the  Powhatans  in  Virginia, 
conquers  many  tribes,  and  becomes  formidable  to  all  his. 
neighbours,  even  the  Massawomees  and  Erigas  of  Kentucky. 
He  adopts  Opechan,  a  wise  Shawanee,for  his  brother,  and  makes 
him  king  of  Pamunkey. 

1595.  The  Erigas,  a  powerful  nation  ofMenguy  origin,  is 
now  scattered  from  lake  Erie  to  Florida  in  various  tribes, 
called  Erieronons,  Tongorias,  Rechehecrians^Grigras,  &c,  and 
is  at  war  with  the  Menguys  of  Gennessee. 


OF  KENTUCKY.    .,  $& 

3d  Period. — Seventeenth  Century. 

1607.  Permanent  settlement  of  the  English  in  Virginia,  the 
colony  including  Kentucky  in  its  charter.     The  French  settle 
in  Canada. 

1608.  First  interview  of  the  English  with  the  Shawanees  or 
Wassawoomees  of  Kentucky.     Sir  J.  Smith  meets  one  of  their 
war  party  in  the  Chesapeak,  going  to  attack  the  Susquehan- 
noes  and  Tocwoys.     The  Nantaquaes  or  Nanticoes  of  Mary 
land  went  to  trade  with  them  heyond  the  mountains,. 

1618.  Death  of  Wahuji  Sanacoe,  king  of  the  Powhatans ;  he 
is  succeeded  by  Opechan,  the  Shawanee  king  of  Pamunkey^ 
who  takes  the  title  of  Mango-Peomen,  and  becomes  the  foe  of 
the  settlers. 

1640.  The  Menguys  succeed  to  destroy  the  Erigas  of  Ohio: 
the  remains  of  that  nation  fly  to  Ea^st  Kentucky,  &c. 

1642.  End  of  the  wars  between  the  English  and  Powhatans, 
which  had  lasted  twenty  years;  Opechan  is  taken,  and  dies,  95 
years  old:  he  is  succeeded  by  his  son  Totopotomoi,  who  makes 
peace. 

1 654.  Col.  Wood  explores  Kentucky  as  far  as  the  Mississippi, 

1656.  The  Rechehecrians  or  Grigras  cross  the  Allegheny, 
and  invade  Virginia,  being  molested  by  the  Menguys;  Captain 
Hill  and  King  Totopotomoi  who  attack  them,  are  defeated ; 
the  king  is  killed.  They  soon  after  leave  the  country,  and 
are  admitted  by  the  Natchez  into  their  confederacy, 

1660.  The  Menguys  rendered  powerful  by  fire  arms,  lay 
waste  all  the  country  on  the  Ohio,  and  make  war  on  the  Ton- 
gorias,  Shawanees,  Miamis,  Illinois,  Chicasaws,  Natchez,  &c. ; 
often  coming  down  the  Ohio  in  war  parties.  They  destroy  the 
Conoys  or  Kenhaways. 

1667.  Captain  Batt  visits  the  Allegheny  mountains,  from 
Virginia. 

1670.  Captain  Bolt  visits  Kentucky  from  Virginia.  Is  he 
the  same  as  the  above? 

1672.  Father  Marquette  descends  the  Mississippi  from  Illi 
nois,  and  discovers  the  Missouri,  Ohio,  Wabash,  &c.  He 
ftnds  40  towns  of  Shawanees  on  the  Ohio  and  its  lower  branches. 


30  ANCIENT 

1680.  Father  Hennepiu  descends  the  Mississippi  to  its 
mouth  from  Illinois,  and  visits  Kentucky,  &c.  The  Tennessee 
is  called  Cherokee  river. 

1683.  Captain  Tonti  descends  the  Mississippi  to  its  mouth> 
for  the  first  time,  with  Lasalle.  Kentucky  visited  again. 

1685.  Second  voyage  of  Tonti  down  the  Mississippi. 

1688.  Third  voyage  of  Tonti  down  the  same. 

1 700.  At  the  end  of  this  century,  the  Shawanees  of  Ken 
tucky  were  defeated  and  humbled  by  the  Menguys.  Those  of 
Georgia  were  compelled  to  enter  the  Muscolgee  confederacy. 
The  Tongorias  of  East  Kentucky  were  united  with  the  Chero- 
kees;  and  the  Illinois,  Miamis,  Kicapus,  &c,  often  crossed 
Kentucky, to  goto  war  against  the  Chicasas. 
4th  Period.— —Eighteenth  Century. 

1710.  Col.  Spettswooct,  governor  of  Virginia,  crosses  the 
Allegheny  mountains  ancfexplores  the  country  near  Kentucky. 

1712.  The  great  Apalachian  nation  destroyed,  partly  by  the 
Carolinians  in  1702  and  the  Alabampus  in  1705;  the  remains 
blend  with  the  Muscolgee  confederacy. 

1720.  The  French  traders  begin  to  descend  the  Ohio. 

1722.  Treaty  at  Albany  between  the  Virginians  and  Men- 
guys  or  Iroquese;  the  land  west  of  the  Allegheny  ridge  is 
acknowledged  as  belonging  to  the  Iroquese,  who  claim  it  by 
conquest  over  the  Erigas,  Conoys,  Tongorias,  &c. 

1731.  The  Natchez  are  destroyed  by  the  French;  the  re^. 
mains  of  that  great  nation  take  refuge  with  the  Chicasas;  a 
war  follows  in  consequence  with  the  French,  which  lasts  many 
years. 

1739.  Mr.  Longueil  descends  the  Ohio,  from  Canada,  and 
discovers  Big-bone  lick  in  Kentucky.  Many  Canadians  fol-. 
low  that  road. 

1745.  The  Shawanees  of  Kentucky  had  retreated  on  the 
banks  of  the  Ohio,  Miami  and  Muskingum,  to  avoid  their 
southern  enemies,  being  now  at  peace  with  the  Menguys,  and 
allied  with  them  against  the  Cherokees,  Catawbas,  Muscolgees, 
Chicasaws,  &c.  Kentucky  remained  the  hunting  ground  of 
the  northern  and  southern  nations  where  they  met  at  war. 


OF  KENTUCKY.  3i 

1750*  Dr.  Thomas  Walker,  of  Virginia,  crosses  the  Alleghe 
ny  and  Wasioto  mountains,  which  he  calls  Cumberland.  He 
discovers  Cumberland  Gap,  the  Shawanee  river,  which  he  calls 
Cumberland  river,  Kentucky  river,  which  he  calls  Louisa,  &c. 

1751.  Several  Indian  traders  descends  the  Ohio. 

1 752.  Lewis  Evans  publishes  his  map  of  Kentucky,  &c.  from 
the  account  of  those  traders. 

1754.  James  McBride  descends  the  Ohio  as  far  as  the  mouth 
of  the  Kentucky. 

1760.  Second  visit  of  Dr.  Walker  to  Kentucky,  as  far  as 
Dick  river. 

1764.  The  Shawanees  remove  to  Ohio  from  Pennsylvania, 
and  to  the  Wabash  from  Green  river.^ 

1767  to  1774.  Kentucky  i&  visited  by  traders  and  hunters 
from  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  and  begins  to  be  settled, 
after  extinguishing  the  claims  of  the  Cherokees  and  Iroquese ; 
but  the  Shawanees'  best  claim  having  never  been  attended  to, 
this  was  the  cause  of  the  war  which  they  waged  with  their 
allies,  against  the  Virginian  settlers  for  more  than  twenty 
years.  Ever  since  1756  an  alliance  of  all  the  Oghuzian  tribes 
north  of  the  Ohio  having  been  formed  against  the  Iroquese, 
Cherokees  and  Chicasas.  the  Virginians  were  considered  as 
new  intruders,  who  had  bought  the  land  from  their  foes. 

CONCLUSION. 

ALL  the  details  which  might  have  explained,  and  the  notes 
which  would  have  proved,  my  statements,  have  been  unavoida 
bly  omitted,  in  order  to  confine  myself  within  the  short  pre 
scribed  limits.  I  am  merely  allowed  to  add  the  enumeration 
of  the  principal  monuments  of  antiquity,  and  a  mere  list  of  the 
authors  in  which  all  the  facts  are  to  be  found  which  I  have 
asserted,  except  those  derived  from  my  personal  examination 
<*f  the  geology,  antiquities  and  languages  of  North  America. 
A  philological  and  ethnological  view  of  nearly  four  hundred 
American  and  eastern  nations  or  languages,  with  their  com 
parative  names  for  land  and  water,  was  also  found  by  far  too  long 
for  insertion,  although  this  is  now  considered  as  the  base  o£ 
historical  researches. 


1. 


ENUMERATION 

t)f  the  Sites  of  Ancient  Towns  and  Monuments  of  Kentucky,  $c* 

THE  following  Catalogue  contains  the  first  general  account  ever  pub 
lished  of  the  ancient  monuments  hitherto  discovered  In  this  State,  the  grea 
test  part  of  which  have  been  discovered,  surveyed,  drawn,  and  described  - 
by  myself  in  my  large  manuscript  work  on  the  antiquities  of  Kentucky, 
•which  has  nearly  100  maps  and  views.  As  a  further  illustration  of  the  sub 
ject,  I  add  a  short  account  of  the  monuments  of  the  surrounding  States,  so 
intimately  connected  with  ours.  They  are  all  very  ancient,  except  these 
marked  L.  which  appear  to  be  less  ancient  (from  100  to  1000  years)  and  to 
belong-  to  the  Lenapian  nations. 


Total  JVb. 

of 
Sites  J\fons. 


COUNTIES,  &c. 


r  Adair,  on  the  Cumberland  river 

Bath>  on  the  waters  of  Licking  river 

Boone,  on  the  Ohio,  a  town  near  Burlington,  &c. 

Bourbon,  a  circus  of  1450  feet  on  Licking  River,  a  town,  poly* 

gon  of  4675  feet  on  Stoner's  creek  L.  &c. 
Bracken,  great  battle  ground,  &c.  near  Augusta,  iron  rings  and 

a  copper  medal  with  unknown  letters,  &c. 
Caldwell,  at>tone  fort  onTradewaterr'ver 
Calloway,  a  mound  15  feet  high  on  Blood  river 
Campbell,  near  Covii.gton  and  at  Big-bone  lick 
Christian,  near  Hopkinsville,  &c  L, 
Clarke,  near  Winchester,  Boonesborough,  &c. 
Clay,  near  Manchester,  &c. 

Fayevte,  on  North  Klkhorn,  a  beautiful  circus,  a  dronlus,  &c.  oh 
South  Elkhorn,  near  Lexington,  a  polygon  town,  L.  several 
squares,  moulds,  graves,  &.c.  9  East  Indian  Shells  found  in 
the  ground,  &c. 

Gallatm,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kentucky  river 
Garrard,  principally  mounds  and  small  circus  on  Paint  Creek9 

Sugar  Creek,  &c. 

Greenup,  fine  remains  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Scioti 
Harlan,  on  the  Cumberland  river,  near  its  source 
Hart,  mounds  near  Green  river  &c.  mummies  in  caves 
Harrison,  a  circus  near  Cynthiana,  many  mounds,  round,  ellipti 
cal  or  ditched,  16,  20,  25  and  30  feet  high 
Hickman,  a  fine  Teocalh  on  the  Mississippi  below  the  Ironbanks? 

450  feet  long  10  high,  only  30  wide 
Jefferson,  on  tbe  Ohio  near  Louisville 
Jessamine,  mounds,  graves,  embankments, 
Knox,  On  the  Cumberland  riyer,  and 
on  the  Ohio 


1.    3 

1 

3 

4 

8 

5 

46 

4 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

5 

12 

5 

18 

6 

6 

15 

36 

1 

1 

3 

12 

1 

3 

2 

5 

2 

7 

5 

16 

1 

1 

4 

1 

4 

10 

3 

7 

1 

1 

APPENDIX. 


Total  JVc. 

'/ 

<Site$  Mons. 


COUNTIES,  &C. 


2  1   In  Lincoln,  on  Dick's  river,  and  near  Wilmington 

3  14       Livingiston,  an  octogone  of  2fJ52  feet  on  Hurricane  creek,  &c. 

m.'Uth  of  the  Cumberland 
10     42       Logan,   towns  and  mounds  on  Muddy  riyer,  Sec.  a  silver  medal 

fuuud  in  a  mound 
3       7  "'    Madison,   near  the  Kentucky,  Etc.  mounds,  &c. 

2  j    2  :     Mason,  near  Washington,  a  small  teocalli  - 

3  j  35 .;     M'Crachan,  on  the  Ohio,  a  fine  square  teocalli  of  1200  feet  and 

14  high,  on  the  Mississipi,  5  rows  of  mounds,  Stc 

6     12       Mercer,  a  fort  on  Dick'a  river,  several  remains  on  Salt  river,  &c. 
10     48       Montgomery,  squares,   hexagons,    polygons,  &c    on  Somerset 
and  Buck  creek,  many  high,    round,   elliptical  or  ditched 
mounds.     A  fine  circus  or  circular  temple,  &c. 
1       1       Pendleton,  at  the  fork  of  Licking  river 

1  1       P.eny,  a  long  dromus  near  Hazard 

2  7       Fulaski,  stone  mounds  on  Pitman  and  Buck  creeks 

1  1  s    Rockcastle,  a  stone  grave  200  feet  long,  5  wide*  3  high,  near 

Mountvernon 
5     12  >    Scott,  a  ditched  town  near  Georgetown,  on  the  South  Elkhorn., 

a  square  on  Dry-run,  &c. 
2       Shelby,  near  Shelby  ville,  and  south  of  it 

24  Tngg,  a  walied  town,  7500  feet  in  circumfeience,  at  Canton,  on 
the  Cumberland,  inclosing  several  large  mounds  and  a  square 
Teocalli  150  feet  long,  90  wide,  22  high.  Many  mounds  on 
Cumberland,  Little  river,  Cadiz,  &c. 

16       Warren,  a  ditched   town,  irregular  octogone  of  1385  feet  on 
Bigbarren  river,  near  Bowling-green,  inclosing  5  houses,  and 
,    2  teocallis.     Mounds,  &c. 

66  Whitley,  a  town  on  the  Cumberland,  above  Williamsburgh,  with 
20  houses,  a  id  a  teocalli  360  feet  long,  150  wide,  12  high.— 
Remains  of  towns  with  houses  on  the  waters  of  Laurel  river 
and  Watts  creek 

12  Woodf;>rd,  a  fine  octogon  teocalli  of  1200  feet,  and  8  high.  A 
town  of  270u  feet  ori  South  Elkhorn>  a  square  on  Clear 
creek,  &c. 

The  total  number  of  ancient  sites  known  to  me  in  Kentucky,  a- 
.148  505    mounts  therefore  to  148,  and  the  ancient  remains  or  monuments 
are  505,    Those  already  known  to  me  in- the  remainder  of  North 
Ami  rica,  are  the  following  . — 

14  .  54  In  Alabama,  many  towns,  forts»  mounds,  Sic.  An  elliptical  teo 
calli  of  800  feet,  and  15  high,  on  Cedar  creek.  A  teocalli  of 
1120  feet,  and  75  high,  on  the  Etowee.  A  circus  of  25  acres 
in  Jones'  valley,  with  a  square  teocaltt  in  the  centre,  of  720 
feet  and  30  bighj  &c. 

10  '  45  Arkaozus,  towns,  mounds,  &c.  several  mounds  and  teocallii,  as 
high  as  40  feet,  below  the  town  of  Arkanzas.  Remains  of  a 
town  built  of  sunburnt  bricks,  on  the  St.  Francis  river,  &c. 

3  7       Canada,  mounds  and  forts  between  lake  Huron  and  Erie 

2  :    3       Connecticut,  inscribed  rocks  at  Seaticook  and  Tiverton.  L. 

12  '  32  Florida,  many  embankments,  excavations,  mounds,  &c.  not 
very  ancient  ,L. — Many  high  mounds,  avenues  and  artificial 
ponds  or  tanks,  near  lake  George,  &c. 

30  Georgia,  many  large  square  teocallis,  some  with  3  stories;  and 
ftyenues  leading  tQ  square  excayations  on  the  Uakmulge,  &c= 


I.   AfTENDIX* 


Total  jVb« 

of 
Sites  Mons. 


COUNTIES,   &G 


12  .170 


1.2 


12 


106! 
16 

60 


61 


ro 


36  125 


Four  square  teocallis  and  4  square    excavations  near   Apali- 
chicola.   Two  oval  teocallis  on  Sooquee  creek,  one  is  100  feet 
high,  the  other  40.     A  stone  fort  on  a  high  hill,  &c 
'j»  Illinois,  many  conical  mounds  in  the  American  bottom,  on  the 
Mississipi ;  a  squared  teocalli   of  1200  feet,  100  high,    and 
with  2  s'oping  stages  on  the  Gahokia  ;   a  square   teocalli  of 
600  feet  and  20  high,  near  St.  Louis.— A  stone  fort  on  Saline 
river-     Mounds  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  &c. 
Indiana,  towns  and.  mounds  on  the  Wabash,  White  river  and 

the  Ohio,  near  the  falls,  &c. 

I^ousiana,  many  mounds  on  the  Mississipi,  at  Baton  Rouge,  Sec. 
Four  square  te&callis  of  240  feet  and  22  high,  equal,  forming 
a  square,  joiaed  by  a  wall  and  ditch,  with  an  avenue  leading 
to  a  conical  teocalli  115  feet  high,  (spiral  road  on  it)  on  Bayou 
Cataoulou.  Five  mounds  of  shells  near  lake  Cataonlou  is  80 
feet  high.  A  high  mound  on  Red  river,  built  in  1728  by  the 
Natchez.  Many  in  Tensa,  &?c. 
Maine,  a  conical  teocalli  of  600  feet,  50  high;  with  a  paved 

summit,  on  the  river  Kennebeck 

Massachussets,  the  sculptured  rocks  of  Dighton,  and  the  inscrib 
ed  stone  of  Rutland,  of  which  many  opini'.ns  have  been  form 
ed,  supposed  Atlantic,  Phoenician,  Coptic  or  Lenapian  ! 
Mexico,  many  towns,  teocallis,  stone  buildings,  &c.  in  Anahuac. 

Micliuacan,  Yucatan,  Guatemala,  &c, 
Michigan,  towns,  forts  and  mounds  on  river  Huron,   lake  St, 

Clair,-  near  Detroit,  &c. 

Mississipi,  several  squarer  octogon  and  round  teocallis  on  the 
Mississipi,  Yazoo,  &c.  \greatteocalli  at  Sultzertown  with 
mounds  on  it,  90  feet  high.  A  teocalli  150  feet  long,  100 
broad,  35  high  near  Natchez.  A  teocalli  of  2650  feet  square, 
20  feet  high,  on  Big-black  river,  with  a  wall  and  ditch  2400  feet 
long,  joining  the  highlands,  &c 

Missouri,  many  mounds,  forts,  graves,  &c.  at  the  mouth  of  Osage9 
Missouri,  Merrimack,  Chepousa,  &c.  27  mounds  and  a  pris 
matic  teocalli  at  St  Louis.  A  square  teocalli  of  800  feet  and 
14  high,  below  the  mouth  of  Ohio.  A  conical  teocalli  of  1200 
feet,  40  high,  with  a  ditch  on  the  lake  Chepousa,  &c.  i 
Multnomah  Country,  on  the  Pacific  ocean  Several  towns  and 

mounds  on  the  Columbia  or  Multnomah  river 
Nadowessie  or  Sioux  Country,  or  Upper  Mississipi.   Many  forts, 
excavations  and  mounds  on  the  river  St   Peter,   Menomonie, 
Gaspard,  Wapisinekan,  8tc.      A  poligon  below  lake  Pepin 
A  small  square  teocalli  on  Racine  river,  lat.  44 
New-Mexico.  Ruins  of  towns  built  of  clay  6r  stones,  in  Sonora 

on  the  Kio-gila  and  in  Cibola,  lat  36,  &c. 

New-York.  All  in  the  western  part  of  the  state  ;  the  most  east 
erly  site  is. on  the  river  Chenango.  Many  ancient  towns,  forts 
and  mounts,  on  the  rivers  Seneka,  Genessee,  Black.  &c.  near 
Auburn,  Pompey,  Buffuloa.  Gaondago,  Cauandaigua,  &?c. 
some  of  which  appear  modernt>r  built  by  the  Menguy  na 
tion  :  an  inscription  with  unknown  letters  wns  found  HI  Ohon- 
dago.  A  circus  at  Unadilia  /  two  parallel  rows  of  towns  or 
fcris  extending  50  miles,  on  the  ancient  shores  of  lake 


APPENDIX-* 


Total  Ao- 

'/ 
Sites  Mons. 


COUNTIES,  &C, 


72 


15 


15 


44 


8   IN 


50 


28 


32 


74 


Many   towns  soijth  of  lake  Ontario,  beyond  the  mountain  ridge 

or  most  ancient  land   very  ancient;  &c. 

North  Carolina,  some  mounds  near  Saraw,  towns  on  Holston  ri 
ver.     On  Enoe  river  2  inscriptions  were  found  in  ploughing, 
on  octftgon  stone  pillar  and  a  circular  piece  of  brass  !    with 
unknown  letters  ! — Ii»  Rowan  County,  2  iron-stone  walls  un 
der  ground,  supposed  basaltic  by  many,  but  erroneously. 
Ohio,   this  si  ate  contains  numerous  fine  monuments  like  Ken 
tucky,  but  only  a  part  have  been  described,  although  more 
than  of  any  other  sfnt^  ;  another  portion  has  been  surveyed 
by  myself,  many  are  yet  hardly  knov  n 
At  Cincinnatij  a  large  town,  circus,  mounds,  &c. 
On  Paint  Creek,  3  towns  with  stone  walls,  mounds,  teocallis,  8tcv 
At  the  mouth  ot'Scioto,  a  town,  dromus,  mounds,  c^c. 
At    uircleville,  a  fine  circus  and  mound 
Near  Chillicothe,  five  towns,  with  temples,  avenues,  See 
In  Belmont  county,  a  mound  of  16  feet,  where  iron  and  silver 
has  been  found 

ji  Lake  Erie,   many  towns  in   Ashtabula cty-  with  mounds,  &c. 
On  the   Little  Miami,  many  towns,  stone   forts,  temples,  8tc.  a 

copper  coin  was  found  with  Persian  letters  ! 
At  Marietta,   a  town,  mounds,  &.c.  a  silver  cup  found  there 
Near  Newark,  2  towns,   with  avenvies,  pits,  mounds,  etc. 
fn  Perry  county,  a  town  with  a  stone  mound 
Mouth  of  Big  Miami,  a  stone  fort,   a  town  with  round    pits, 

mound  and  ditch,  elleptical  teocalli  550  feet,  25  high. 
Mouth  of  Maunve,   a  town  and  fort 
On  Twin  creek,  two  elliptical  teocallis 
Many  other  monuments  rear  Granville,  Franklinton,  Worthing- 

ton,  New  Athens,  Gallipohs,  etc. 

n  Panis,  county  of  Upper  Missouri,  mam  fortified  towns  on  the 
Missouri,  at  the  mouth  of  Osage,  Chayenne,  Laplate  ;  also  on 
rive:s  Kauzas,  Lapla>e,Yellowst'Mie,  Jaques,  etc.  Two  squares 
of  1200  fee'  on  Peiit-ark  creek.  A  large  pit  200  feet  long, 
130  wide,  30  deep,  near  the  Panis,  etc. 

Pennsylvania,  mosUy  in  the  western  parts ;  mounds  and  forts 
near  Pittsburgh.  N,ear  Meadvnle  7  circles,  mounds,  etc.  Se 
veral  towns  and  forts  on  the  Monongahela,  also  carved  rocks. 
On  the  Allegheny,  some  towns,  etc.  A  town  on  a  hill  near  the 
Tyoga  river  with  a  circus,  etc. 

South  Carolina,  near  Cambden,  in  the  Wateree,  many  monu 
ments^  a  teocalli  20  feet  high,   a  wall  or  parapet  three   miles 
long  !  'wrongly  supposed  to  be  built  by  Soto,   who  never  was 
there, 
Tennessee  ;  this  state  was  anciently  united  to  Kentucky  and  its 

monuments  are  very  important  for  our  history 
On  the  south  fork  of  Forcarieer  river,  several  towns,   teocallis, 
moumis  /  tr.e  fines'  pvramid  of  the  United  States  is  there,  it 
is  150  feet  high,  1300  feet  at  the  base,   120  at  the   top,  per 
fectly  .square.     It  was  discovered  only  in  1822. 
On  Duck  river,  a  stone  fort 

Near  Cia,  ksville,  on  t'te  Cumberland,  a  town,  many  teocallis ;  an$ 
near  Palmvra^  on  Ditto,  another  town^  busts  found  there.. 


3.? 


Total  JVb. 

of 
Sites  Mons. 


COUNTIES,   &C. 


Near  Nashville,  on  ditto,  several  towns,  teocallis,  statues,  etc.- 
On  the  Canj  fork  oi  Tennesee,  a  circus  where  the  triune  vessel 

was  found 

Near  Puiaski,  a  subterranean  brick  wall 
Near  Carthage,  a  fort,  graves 
On  Big  Harpeth  river,    several  mounds,   one  is  40   feet  high,   a 

sun  and  moon  paii  ted  >  ellow  in  a  perpendicular  clift  of  70  feet 
On  French,  broad,  paintings  and  letters  on  a  vertical  cliff,  100 

feet  above  the  water  ! 

In  Warren  county,  a  town  with  mummies,  etc. 
Near  BrasstownJ    on  Tennessee,  the  enchanted  mountain  with. 

carved  tracts  of  men  and  Leasts 
In  Texas,  at  the  head  of  river  Sabine,  an  elleptical  teocalli  6  fe^t 

high,  a  mound  on  the  river  Trinity,  etc. 

1       Vermont,  sculptured  rocks  at  Bellows  falls  on  Connecticut 
172       Virginia,  principally  on  the  Ohio,  Kenhaway  and  Holston 
Near  Abington,   a  circus  and  mound 
On  Clinch  river,  a  late  town,  with  a  ditch  round  it,  L. 
On  the   Ohio,  painted  rocks  near  the  mouth  of  King's   creek, 
with  figures  and  letters  !    mounds  near  them.    Towns  near 
Belleville,  Letart's  falls,  Parkersburgh,   Park's  bottom,  Gal- 
lipolis,  etc- 
On  the  Kenhawany,   105  circular  temples,  towns,  mounds,  ect/ 

one  mound  is  40  feet  hiiprh  and  420  round 

At  Big   Grave  creek,  many  mounds,  the  largest   is  a  conical  py 
ramid    surrounded  by  a  ditch,  70   feet  high,  base   540  feet 

round,  top  180  feet 
At  little  Grave   creek,   many  mounds,  the  largest  is  like  that  of 

Big  Grave,  but  75  feet  high 
At    Burning  Springs,  sculptured   hierogliphlcs  on  rocks.     Many 

mounds,  etc.  on  the   Guyandot,  Elk   river,  Shenandqah,  Mop 

nongahela,  Fluvanna,  Rivanna,  etc.  L. 


The  actual  number  of  ancient  seats  of  population  or  sites  already  ascer 
tained  bv  me,  in  Nor<h  America,  amount  therefore  to  541,  of  which  393 
out  of  Ktntuclty,  and  148  in  Kentucky,  while  the  ancient  monuments  found 
in  thflfe  sites  amount  already  to  1830,  of  which  505  in  Kentucky  and  1325 
out  of  it. 

If  by  my  researches  during  4  years,  I  have  been  able  thus  to  increase 
the  knowledge  of  the  number  of  ancient  sites  and  monuments  in  the  single 
State  of  Kentucky,  from  '25  sites  to  148,  a-^d  from  100  monuments  to  505: 
it  is  very  probable  that  when  equal  industry  will  be  exercised  in  the  other 
States,  that  number  will  be  more  than  doubled;  since  I  entertain  no  doubt 
that  1000  sites  and  4000  monuments  exist  still  in  the  United  States,  exclu 
sive  of  Mexico,  bes'des  the  small  burrows,  and  those  that  have  been  de$-. 
troyed, 


II. 


CATALOGUE 

Of  the  Authors  and  Works  co)isulted. 


Adair,  Hist,  of  Creeks,  etc. 
Adelung,  Mithridates, 
Adelung,  Fr.  Catal.  of  Languages, 
Arrian  History. 

Af  cbeologia  Americana,  Vol.  1. 
Asiatic  researches,  12  Vol. 
At  water  Antiq.  of  Ohio 
Azara/  travels  in  Paraguay 
Barrow,  travels  in  China,  etc. 
Barton,  Indian  languages,  etc. 
Bartram,  travels  in  Florida 
Beck,  Missouri  ect. 
Boone,  adventures  in  Kentucky 
Bossu,  travels  in  Louisiana 
Boudinot,  Has.  in  the  West 
Breckenridge,  Louisiana  and  memoir 
Bruce,  Abyssinia,  etc. 
Buffon,  Natural  History,  etc. 
Cabot,  Discovery  of  North  America 
Campbell,  Western  Antiquities,  etc. 
Carli,  Aaierican  Letters 
1  Cartier,  travels  in  Canada 
Carver,  travels  in  North  America 
Charlevoix,  do.    History  of  Canada, 

St.  Domingo,  Paraguy 
Clav'igero,  History  of  Mexico 
Clifford,  Letters  on  N.  A.  Antiq. 
Colden,  History  of  the  Five  Nations 
Colebrooke,  Dissertations  on  India 
Columbus,  travels 

Condamine,  travels  in  South  America 
Cook,  travels 
Cornelius,  Memoirs 
Castiglione,  Viaggi  in  America 
Cramer,  Ohio  Navigator 
Cutnming,,  travels  in  the  U.  S. 
Cuvier  geological  works,  &c. 
Dana  Western  Gazetteer 
Darby,  Louisiana  Guide,  &c. 
Debrizhofer,  Abipones 
Delisle,  Monde  primitif,  £c. 
Delametherie.  Geology 
Depons,  C&?aecas 
Uictionnaire  historique 
— P--  D'Histoire  Naturelle 


Diodorus,  history 

Douglas,  History  of  North  America 

Duponceau,  on  Amef .  Lang.  &c. 

Duprats,  History  of  Louisiana 

Drake,  Cincinnati 

Dwight,  travels 

Edwards,  West  Indies 

Edinburgh  Review 

Egede,  Greenland 

Ellis   travels 

Filson,  Kentucky 

Forster,  travels  and  observations 

Gage,  travels  in  Mexico 

Garcilago   de  la  Vega,   conquest  of 

Florida,  his.  of  Peru,  &c. 
Gebelin,  Monde  primitif 
Gilleland,  Ohio  Pilot 
Grosier,  Histoire  de  la  Chine. 
Gumila,  Orenoko 
Harmar,  We  st  Caledonia 
Haywood,  Tennessee 
Heckenvvelder,  hist,  of  Lenapians&c. 
Hearne,  travels  to  North  Sea 
Hennepin,  travels  in  North  America 
Henry.        ditto. 
Herodotus,  History 
Hudson,  travels 

Humboldt,  travels,  researches,  &c. 
Hutchins,  North  American  Map,  &c. 
Imlay,  Letters  on  Kentucky 
James,  Say  and  Long1,  travels 
Jefferson,  Notes  in  Virginia 
Jewett,  Nootka 
Jones,  dissertations  on  Asia 
Lavaye,  travels  in  North  America 
Labillardiere,  Voyages 
Lahontan,  travels  in  N.  America 
Lavoisne,  historical  Atlas 
Leod,  Levvche'v  Islands 
Lewis  and  Clarke,  travels^ 
Leyden,  languages  of  India 
Loskiel,  Missions  of  N.  America 
Mackenzie,  travels  in  N   America 
Madison,  Memoir  on  Am  Antiq. 
Massachusetts,  Historical  collections 


II.   APPENDIX. 


39 


Marsden  Sumatra  and  Malays 

Meares,  travels 

Mellish  travels  and  Maps 

Mitchill,  Dssiertations,  £c. 

Naigeon,  voy.  de  P>thagore 

New  York  Hist.  Collections 

North  American  Review 

Nuttall,  travels  to  Arkanzas 

Oldmixon,  North  America 

Officer,  travels  of  an 

Olivet,  new  translation  of  Sepher. 

Originc  des  Loix,  des  Sciences  et 
des  Arts 

Pages,  travels  round  thjL  world 

Pallas,  travels  in  Russisrec. 

Parry,  travels 

Pennant,  Artie  Zoology 

Pernetty,  Falkland  I. 

Peron,  travels 

Perouse,  travels 

Pickering,  Indian  languages 

Pike,  travels  in  Nortti  America 

Pinkerton,  Scythians,  fossils,  £c. 

Plinius,  Natural  History 

Pownal's  Maps  &c. 

Proud;  History  of  Pennsylvania 

Ptolemy,  Ancient  Geography 

Quarterly  Review 

Rafinesque,  Manuscripts  of  Tellus, 
Ancient  history  of  North  America, 
Antiquity  of  North  America,  Ge 
neral  view  of  the  American  Ian- 

,    guages,  £c. 

Raleigh,  travels 

Ramsay,  History  of  Carolina 

Reland,  American  languages 

Robin,  travels  in  Louisiana 

Rogers,  North  America 

Rollin.  Ancient  History 

Romans'  Florida 

Sanford,  History  of  the  U,  States 


Shermerhorn  state  of  Indians  in  1812 

Schoolcraft,  travels 

Sibley,  travels 

Smith,  Narrative 

Smith,  History  of  New  York 

Southey,  Hrstory  of  Brazil 

Sullivan,  History  of  Maine 

Thomas,  travels 

Tonti  and  Laralle,  travels 

Traditions  (in   Ms.)  of  the   Shaw»« 

nees,  Ottawas,  &c. 
Ulloa,  travels  and  researches 
Universal  History 
Valancey,  Antiq.  of  Ireland 
Vanegas,  History  of  Californe    , 
Vancouver,  Travels 
Vaetl,  on  Languages 
Verazanz,  travels 
Vespucius,  travels 
Volney,  various  works 
Wilford,  researches  y; 

Winslow,  comments  •» 

Winthrop,  History 
Winterbotham,  America 
Zuniga,  conquest  of  Peru* 

SUPPLEMENT. 

Annales  philosophiques  Araericaines 
Tiozman,  History  of  Maryland 
Burk,  History  of  Virginia 
Cumberland,  Origines  Gentium 
Franklin,  polar  travels 
Holmes,  American  Annals 
Jameson,  Hermes  Scythicu* 
Langsdorf,  travels 
Lawson,  Carolina 
Long,  travels 

Maurice,  History  of  Hindoslan 
Philadelphia,  philosophical 
tions, 


E7* 
K3R2 

' 


m 


§         f 


? 


'  • 


